KNOWLEDGEABLE: I B TECH I SEM ENGLISH NOTES

NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

I B TECH I SEM : ENGLISH NOTES

DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ

MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.

UNIT : 1

HUMAN RESOURCES

Define human resources and give an example to say that human resources are invaluable.

Human resources are human beings whose contribution is used by the society for different purposes. Human resources have a key role in the betterment of society. The prosperity of a country is determined by the skill, efficiency and attitude of the human resources. The greatest and the most precious asset of a country is its people as it is they who exploit all natural resources and potentials of a region. Many countries have been able to develop themselves due to the will, capacity and skill of human resources. The skilled, educated and healthy human resources increase the production, employment opportunities and levels of living of people. These people form the wealth of a nation. Human resource is an important factor of economic development. There is a close relationship between population and economic development. The more developed is the human resource of a country the more developed is that country as a whole. We have numerous examples of human resources. Few are mentioned below:

Ø The worker in a factory works with various machinery

Ø A trader some buys and sells or barters

Ø An architect designs buildings and advises in their construction

Ø A scientist works in a branch of science

Ø A plumber lays water and sewage pipelines

Ø A mason uses brick and mortar and builds houses

Ø A nurse cares for the sick and infirm

In India at least two-thirds of the working population earn their living through agricultural works. They along with the workers in a factory enhance production and increase the economy of a country. Businessmen and traders not only benefit themselves but they contribute a lot to the society by providing job opportunities to many people. Thus they improve the economy of a country. Engineers are creators, designers, fashioners and builders. They have a key role to play in the development of the country. Scientists have discovered and invented many things, such as, computers, electricity, various forms of transportation, communication etc. They have contributed in the biological, medical and physical sciences as well as those concerned with technology. Apart from the human resources mentioned here we have lot many human beings contributing to the social services too. Thus we see that human resources play a vital role in the economic development of a country.

Migration

Migration is movement from one place to another. Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another. Internal migration is the dominant migration. People migrate from rural to urban areas in search of better employment and living conditions. Individuals, family units or large groups migrate.

People migrate to developed countries, or industrialised city areas within countries to earn more money. Young people move in order to get better jobs or improve their qualifications, including their language skills. Lack of prospects for career advancement also makes people to migrate. They migrate due to poverty, low incomes and high unemployment rates. Poor human rights, internal conflict and war also make people to migrate. Natural disasters, climate change and famine are also few reasons to migrate.

Others than human beings birds and animals too migrate from one place to another and from one country to the other. Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement, usually on a seasonal basis. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects etc migrate. The reasons for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, season of the year or for mating. Animals migrate for a variety of reasons. Migration is a behavioural adaptation that helps animals survive.

To migrate some animals use landmarks like rivers and streams to find their way. Other animals may navigate by the position of the sun and stars. Scientists think some animals use smell to figure out where they are going. And there are some species that may use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate. However they do it, migration is a behavioural adaptation that has evolved over time to help animals survive.

The Atlantic Salmon begins its life in a river and migrates downstream to the ocean. After several years, it heads back upstream to lay eggs and begin the cycle all over again. Frogs and toads often move very short distances to breeding ponds and lakes to lay their eggs. Some sea turtles, return year-after-year to the same sandy beach on which they hatched to lay their eggs. Little brown bats live in trees in warm months, then in cold weather they migrate to caves where it is warmer.

. Which are the countries that attract a large number of Indian workers?

Ans: India has one of the world's most diverse and complex migration histories. Since the 19th century, ethnic Indians have established communities on every continent as well as on islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific and Indian oceans.

The composition of flows has evolved over time from mainly indentured labor in far-flung colonies to postwar labor for British industry to high-skilled professionals in North America and low-skilled workers in the Middle East. In addition, ethnic Indians in countries like Kenya and Suriname have migrated to other countries, a movement called secondary migration. I would like to provide a broad overview of Indian migration flows and major populations worldwide, both in the past and more recently.

Emigration during Colonial Rule

In ancient times, Indian traders established bases around the Indian and the Pacific oceans, especially in East Africa and Western and Southeast Asia. However, those flows were not the basis for Indian migration in the 19th century or the global dispersion seen today.

Rather, flows of the last 175 years began with the era of British colonial rule. The British had strategic portions of India under their control by the end of the 18th century and gained control over more territory in the 19th century. In 1834, Britain began exporting Indian labor to Mauritius. The Netherlands and France, which replicated the British system, also relied on Indian workers. By 1878, Indians were working in Guyana, Trinidad, Natal (South Africa), Suriname, and Fiji.

Minor Migration Flows to Northern America and the United Kingdom

Emigration to the United Kingdom and Northern America started during colonial rule in India. However, the number of emigrants was insignificant, both in relation to emigration from India, and to total immigration to those countries.

Between 1820 and 1900, no more than 700 persons moved from India to the United States. In the following 30 years, this number rose to a still insignificant 8,700; most were Punjabi Sikhs who worked in agriculture in California. Anti-Asian legislation in 1917 and 1924 banned immigration from south or Southeast Asia, including India, and ensured that Asians would not qualify for naturalization or land ownership. In 1904, there were about 100 Indians in Canada, also part of the British Empire at that time.

Post-Independence Migration to High-Wage Economies

In the first decades after independence, unskilled, skilled, and professional workers (mostly male Punjabi Sikhs) migrated from India to the United Kingdom. This is commonly attributed to Britain's postwar demand for low-skilled labor, postcolonial ties, and the United Kingdom's commonwealth immigration policy, which allowed any citizen of a Commonwealth country to live, work, vote, and hold public office in the United Kingdom.

Between 1995 and 2005, half of the Europe-bound Indian immigrants headed to the United Kingdom. The other half opted for other EU countries, primarily Germany and Italy, which received 18 percent and 12 percent of the flows, respectively. Substantial Indian migration to Northern America started only in the late 1960s. Both in the United States and Canada, major changes in immigration policy affected immigration flows generally, and Indian immigration specifically.

The Immigration Act of 1990, effective from 1995, facilitated this process further by introducing the H-1B temporary worker category. This visa category allows U.S. businesses to hire foreigners with at least a bachelor's degree in "specialty occupations" including scientists, engineers, and IT specialists. Indian citizens are by far the top recipients of H-1B visas each year.

2. What kind of jobs do Indians primarily seek in other countries?

In ancient times, Indian traders established bases around the Indian and the Pacific oceans, especially in East Africa and Western and Southeast Asia. On the labor-supply side of the equation, poverty among the South Asian peasantry accounted for the principal reason to leave the subcontinent. The bulk of workers in most French colonies, such as Guadeloupe, Martinique, and La Reunion, as well as the majority of indentured laborers in Natal (South Africa) were Indians. Laborers, mostly from rural areas, would initially sign up for a five-year contract. In addition to low-skilled workers, members of India's trading communities settled in many countries where indentured laborers had been brought or where business opportunities in the British Empire.

In the first decades after independence, unskilled, skilled, and professional workers migrated from India to the United Kingdom. This is commonly attributed to Britain's postwar demand for low-skilled labor, postcolonial ties, and the United Kingdom's commonwealth immigration policy, which allowed any citizen of a Commonwealth country to live, work, vote, and hold public office in the United Kingdom.

In many cases, the increased flow of Indians was triggered by European governments' attempts to tap India's highly skilled labor force. For example, Germany's temporary migration scheme, labeled "green card" and in place between 2000 and 2005, deliberately targeted Indian IT professionals. In the United States, the 1965 Immigration Act, which came fully into force in 1968, abolished national-origins quotas and made it possible for high-skilled immigrants from India, to gain permanent residence and bring their family members.

India's domination of computer-trained temporary workers is mainly attributed to the large supply pool in India and to the fact that prior waves of Indian IT workers had successfully established a significant presence in that industry.

Significant migration from India to the Persian Gulf began in the 1970s, following the oil boom. Since then, an increasing number of semi- and unskilled workers from South India have worked in the gulf countries on temporary migration schemes in the oil industry and in services and construction.

What are the reasons for Indians seeking employment outside the country?

There are various reasons for Indians seeking employment outside the country. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc.; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc.). In terms of individual reasons, there are family influence, and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc.

India has skilled and semi-skilled, employed and unemployed human resource. Low salaries and inefficient working conditions can be the first motive that triggers the movement to the countries with better living standards and facilities. There is huge difference in terms of salary in all three groups of countries namely developed, developing and underdeveloped. To demonstrate, Skilled workers aim to get pleasing salaries in return for their labour but the working conditions in their homeland don't fulfill their wishes. Therefore, those workers prefer to move another country in order to have better living conditions with high salaries. Employment is one of the strong reason for brain drain in India.

The growth in knowledge intensive activities in the developed world has led to a growing demand for Science and Engineering professionals. With an important reserve of trained people in this domain, India is becoming a major supplier of human capital for the advanced economies. India is sending large numbers of these specialists compared to other important origin countries.

One of the main reasons is the widespread unemployment and underemployment in our country. The excess of skilled professionals in India has bred an army of educated unemployed. Rather than return home to unemployment, skilled Indians prefer to stay back in the West, where professionals command at better market value.

The lack of research facilities in India is also one of the causes for Indians seeking employment outside the country. Scientists and other research professionals need sophisticated equipment to carry on their research related works.

The better job conditions and higher standard of living in those countries lure these qualified professionals to decide to stay on there.

Srinivasa Ramanujan

Introduction: Srinivasa Ramanujan, a poor uneducated Indian, was one of the greatest and most unusual mathematical geniuses who ever lived, was born on 22^nd December in 1887 in Erode in Tamilnadu. He grew up in Kumbakonam where his father K. Sirnivasa Iyengar worked as an accountant in a sari shop. His mother Kamalat Ammal was a house wife and also sang songs at local temple.

Childhood: Srinivasa Ramanujan started his schooling in 1892. He did not like school though he completed high school and tried twice to obtain a college education. But he failed both times because he was so obsessed by mathematics that he simply could not spend anytime on other subjects. He started excelling in mathematics. He came to think of his results or the source of his incredible outpouring of mathematics.

Early Life: In 1909, when Ramanujan was 22 years old, he married 9 year old Janaki and took a clerical position in Madras Port Trust Office to support her and his mother who lived with them. While working as clerk, Ramanujan continued to pour out math results on wrapping paper in the office. He was tied up with mathematics in such a way that he forgot event to eat. His wife and his mother used to feed him at meal times so that he would continue writing while he ate.

Education & Research: Fortunately, both the chairman and manager of Madras Port Trust Office were engineers who recognized his extraordinary mathematical talent. They urged him to send his results to English mathematics. He wrote to HF Baker & EW Hobson of Cambridge University. Both returned his letters without comment.

Then on 16^th June 1913, he wrote to GH Hardy. He invited Ramanujan to come to England to study with him Ramanujan accepted his invitation and arrived at Trinity college in April 1914. Hardy characterizes Ramanujan as a very great mathematician full of paradoxes, who defies all judgment. Ramanujan worked very hard in collaboration with GH Hardy. He used to work 24 to 36 hrs at a stretch and collapse and sleep for 12 hrs or more at a time. As he was a vegetarian it was difficult for him for food in England. It resulted that he was affected by mysterious illness that might be vitamin B2 deficiency caused by his poor diet. He returned to India in 1919. He died a year later at the age of 32.

Conclusion: Ramanujan left behind 3 notebooks, which he wrote before coming to England and which are filled with as many as 4000 results. GH Hardy showed a colleague of his Ramanujan’s strange letter which was crammed with as many as 60 mathematical theorems and formulas stated without any proofs. He made a significant contribution to mathematical analysis, number theory and continued fractions.

Justify the decision taken by Indian government to celebrate Srinivasa Ramanujam’s birthday as National Mathematics Day. Describe the instances that proves him to be a genius.

In India, the day December 22 has been declared as the National Mathematics Day. The declaration was made by Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural ceremony of the birth of Srinivasa Ramanujam held at the Madras University Centenary Auditorium on 26 February 2012. Dr Manmohan Singh also announced that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year.

Srinivasa Ramanujan is the man who knew Infinity. He is one of the greatest and most unusual mathematical geniuses who ever lived. He had inborn mathematical ability. He has given some very fundamental problems in number theory and analysis.

Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar was born to a Tamil Family on 22 December 1887 in India. He later went onto become one of the most reputed mathematicians from India. He was never professional trained to be a mathematician but the contribution he made to the world of mathematics is incomparable and really appreciable. His keen desire to discover new theorems made him rediscover the old ones and brought him under the limelight. Indian scientists and mathematicians recognized his potential at early stage and congratulated him for his amazing skills and efforts.

Ramanujam was so obsessed with his mathematics that he did not want to stop even to eat. He worked in an office. The chairman and the manager of his office who were engineers recognised that he had extraordinary mathematical talent. They encouraged Ramanujam to send his results to English mathematicians, who might evaluate them.

Srinivasa Ramanujan started an exquisite of discoveries and rediscoveries with G.H.Hardy. G.H.Hardy OF Cambridge University invited Ramanujam to England to study with him. He characterises Ramanujan as a very great mathematician. Together Srinivasa and G.H Hardy rewrote hundreds of algorithm/theorems and changed the world of mathematics forever and ever. Together they did great discoveries. The word spread soon and Srinivasa left for England only to return with an ailing disease. His return in 1920 marked the beginning of his bad health, which apparently led to death.

Srinivasa discovered around 3900 theorems and rewrote hundreds of other existing theorem. His theorems were accepted by the varied International Societies concerned with Mathematics. He left behind three notebooks which include 4000 results. He even left behind the papers he published in England. He left behind the results he discovered during the last year of his life. Though his collection is incomplete it has given researches more than enough t work on. Mathematicians are finding that their clever new ideas were discovered first by Ramanujan.

Seven decades after the death of Srinivasa the world realized, how very true and accurate he was with his discoveries and rediscoveries. He leveraged the world with a new direction but all this happened only after he was dead. Srinivasa died at an early age of 32 and left the world with a lot of secrets to be resolved and discovered.

I agree the decision taken by Indian government to honour such wonderful mathematician is apt.

An Ideal Family – Katherine Mansfield

Analysis

"An Ideal Family" was written by Katherine Mansfield and first published in the literary magazine the Sphere on August 20, 1921 and later incorporated into The Garden Party and Other Stories in 1922. Set in New Zealand, possibly in Wellington, "An Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch. Mansfield, ever the modernist, often experimented with structure and narrative. Although the story appears structure-less, the third person narrative and the internal monologue of the protagonist, Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s progression around the inner struggle of the main character as he comes to terms with his pending retirement. The third person narrative supports the plot, allowing the reader an aerial view of Mr. Neave’s circumstances as well as intimate access to his inner thoughts as he navigates life outside of his office.

Mr. Neave, a successful businessman, is reluctant to leave his profession and only source of true identity. His home life is dominated by his family, who he barely recognizes anymore, and he feels both unwelcome and out of place in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr. Neave prided himself on his sense of duty and committed work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his family. Now Mr. Neave sees his wife and adult children as if for the first time, realizing that he does not know them as well as he should and resents their dominate presence in his home. Life has passed him by. He isolated himself from his family in order to build his business, an investment that enabled him to successfully provided his family with everything they desired. Now that he is of retirement age; however, he finds he is a burden at home, corralled by his grown daughters into doing what they want and coddled by his wife who seems only passingly interested in his wellbeing. Mr. Neave’s self-worth is solely invested in his business but now that the balance of work and play has been disrupted by his failing health, he fears the loss of both his identity as a businessman and the collapse of his company by his negligent son, Harold who lacks any sense of duty or familial responsibility.

Duty and responsibility are important themes in the overall text, usually in association with a character like Mr. Neave who prides himself on his work ethic. Mr. Neave was motivated to work hard in order to support his family and to accommodate their extravagant lifestyle. Often complimented on his “ideal family,” Mr. Neave thought of his wife and children as an extension of his success in the business world. Having reached his own high standards he is disappointed by his children’s lack of discipline and ambition. He is especially disappointed in his son, Harold. Mansfield uses effeminate language to describe Harold’s appearance. Mr. Neave thinks his son is unnaturally beautiful for a man with full lips and eyelashes. Some scholars believe this is an indication of bisexuality, which would have been most distressing from Mr. Neave’s conservative viewpoint. Mr. Neave believes Harold has been overly petted and pampered by the women in his life, especially by his mother and sisters. As a result he has adopted a careless attitude toward business and prefers a leisurely existence in direct conflict with his father’s point of view. How then can Mr. Neave leave his business to Harold in good consciousness not knowing if it will remain successful? If the business fails, who will support his family? Similarly none of his daughters are married or seem interested in leaving his home or starting a family of their own. They seem content living with one another and their mother while Mr. Neave pays for their parties, horses, sports, and seaside vacations.

Gender relations in "An Ideal Family" are very interesting. Mansfield has a talent for realism and masterfully illustrates various points of view on marriage and family in her collected works. She is especially adept at creating sympathy for characters, like Mr. Neave who would otherwise seems unsavory in the eyes of the opposite sex. Preoccupied with his work, Mr. Neave leaves the management of his home to his wife and adult daughters. In doing so he relinquishes any authority in the home and once he succumbs to the inevitability of age, his family has no senior place for him in the home. He is admonished by his daughter for walking home alone and over a long distance, suggesting that he is too old to do so. His wife supports this decision momentarily but does not argue the point. Instead she greets her husband and although they sit side by side it is clear that she is the head of the household and he a guest. Their relationship is stilted and almost impersonal. Mr. Neave, similarly, feels disconnected from his daughters who he is surprised to see have grown into very different women in comparison to their behavior as children. He is easily bullied by them to dress for dinner and is just as easily forgotten by them when he falls asleep in his room. Despite Mr. Neave’s greatest attempts to prove himself-worthy of his family’s attention and admiration, his physical exhaustion outweighs his intentions and he falls asleep twice in a short amount of time.

Feeling both lost and unappreciated within his family unit, Mr. Neave, retreats into sleep and dreams of an old man walking up an endless flight of stairs. This surreal imagery is used to symbolize Mr. Neave’s growing anxiety about his retirement and the unease he feels about the life he has led. Perhaps Mr. Neave feels he has failed his family by putting his business first. Mr. Neave finds it difficult to distinguish himself from his work and now that he will eventually spend most of his time at home, he finds that he is dreading the transition and fears he has no place of honor within his family’s social structure. Yet Mr. Neave believes Harold will be the death of his business, which in turn will put a stop to his family’s comfortable lifestyle. In order to maintain the status quo he will have to continue to work. Although he takes great pride in his job, Mr. Neave also recognizes his limitations due to age and like the old man he dreads the drudgery of continuing to live a life of self-imposed isolation. Like Sisyphus of Greek mythology who was forced to eternally roll a stone up a hill, Mr. Neave will carry on as he has always done because he feels he has no other choice.

Comprehension Questions

Q. 1. What are the feelings that Mr. Neave goes through at the beginning of the story?

Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’ is an insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch. Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s progression around the inner struggle of the main character as he comes to terms with his pending retirement.

Mr. Neave felt as if he were too old for spring this year. Walking home from work, as he had done countless times before, he suddenly felt very tired and subdued by his surroundings. He could not understand why. It had been an ordinary day at the office. Mr. Neave, a successful businessman, is reluctant to leave his profession and the only source of his true identity. His home life is dominated by his family, who he barely recognizes anymore, and he feels both unwelcome and out of place in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr. Neave prided himself on his sense of duty and committed work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his family. Now Mr. Neave sees his wife and adult children as if for the first time, realizing that he does not know them as well as he should and resents their dominate presence in his home. Life has passed him by. He isolated himself from his family in order to build his business, an investment that enabled him to successfully provided his family with everything they desired.

Q. 2. What kind of a person is Harold?

Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. In ‘An Ideal Family’ by Katherine Mansfield we have the theme of change, trust, appearance, reliance, appreciation and awareness. Mr. Neave broods over his family who want him to retire and hand over the running business to his son, Harold.

Mr. Neave’s son, Harold, who stood to inherit the business, arrived hours late from lunch, sauntering into the office, apologizing to no one and yet everyone, especially his mother, forgave him all his faults. Harold was too handsome by far with his full lips and eyelashes. Mr. Neave thought them uncanny and recoiled at the praise of his son unjustly received from the family. Charlotte, his wife, and their daughters had made a “young god” of Harold. . Mr Neave, though felt that Harold only returns from lunch after four o’clock, never knows where he may have been. Harold was a boy who robbed money from his mother’s purse and left the purse in the cook’s bedroom. This incident is significant as it not only suggests that (as a child) Harold was untrustworthy but it may also highlight the sense of dissatisfaction that his father Mr Neave feels when it comes to his son.

Q. 3. Why do people call Mr. Neave’s family an ideal family?

Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’ is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch. Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s progression around the inner struggle of the main character as he comes to terms with his pending retirement.

Mr. Neave was a successful businessman. He prided himself on his sense of duty and committed work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his family. His family is busy in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr. Neave was motivated to work hard in order to support his family and to accommodate their extravagant lifestyle. They seem content living with one another and their mother while Mr. Neave pays for their parties, horses, sports, and seaside vacations. Often complimented on his “ideal family,” Mr. Neave thought of his wife and children as an extension of his success in the business world. Despite the outwardly appearance, that Mr. Neave and his family live an ideal life.

Q. 4. What kind of social strata does Mr. Neave belongs to? How can you tell?

Mr. Neave was a successful businessman. He prided himself on his sense of duty and committed work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his family. His family is busy in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. His family spent an extravagant life style. Hence, I say Mr. Neave belongs to high social strata.

Q. 5. What is the attitude of Mr. Neave’s wife and daughters towards him?

Gender relations in "An Ideal Family" are very interesting. Mansfield has a talent for realism and masterfully illustrates various points of view on family. She is especially adept at creating sympathy for characters, like Mr. Neave. He leaves the management of his home to his wife and adult daughters. In doing so he relinquishes any authority in the home and once he succumbs to the inevitability of age, his family has no senior place for him in the home. He is admonished by his daughter for walking home alone and over a long distance, suggesting that he is too old to do so. His wife supports this decision momentarily but does not argue the point. Instead she greets her husband and although they sit side by side it is clear that she is the head of the household and he is a guest. Their relationship is stilted and almost impersonal. Mr. Neave, similarly, feels disconnected from his daughters who he is surprised to see have grown into very different women in comparison to their behavior as children. He is easily bullied by them to dress for dinner and is just as easily forgotten by them when he falls asleep in his room.

Q. 6. Why does Mr. Neave feel himself unable to cope with his daughters?

Q. 7. Who was Charles?

Charles is a young man who looks after Mr. Neave carefully. He waits for him to dress him up and helps him cutting the grass on the tennis court. He gives Mr. Neave a folded handkerchief, his watch and seals, and spectacle case. Mr. Neave responds to his call for dinner. He is such a gentle servant to Mr. Neave.

Q. 8. What dream does Mr. Neave have?

Feeling both lost and unappreciated within his family, Mr. Neave retreats into sleep and dreams of an old man walking up an endless flight of stairs. Perhaps he feels he has failed his family by putting his business first. Mr. Neave finds it difficult to distinguish himself from his work and now that he will eventually spend most of his time at home, he finds that he is dreading the transition and fears he has no place of honor within his family’s social structure. The fact that the man is ‘climbing up endless flights of stairs’ may also be important as the writer may be suggesting the continued, unending struggle that Mr Neave faces when it comes to not only retiring but handing his business over to Harold. This surreal imagery is used to symbolize Mr. Neave’s growing anxiety about his retirement and the unease he feels about the life he has led.

Transfer the information given in the following graph in a verbal text of not less than 200 words. It can include the facts and also your inferences from the facts presented in the graph.

The given data present the information about the internet users in four age groups in Malaysia between the years 1998 to 2000. As is presented in the bar graph, people from 16 to 30 years old of Malaysia used the internet more than people of other age group and over the time internet users from younger and aged people increased.

Ø According to the given data, in 1998 more than 50% internet users of Malaysia were above 16 years old and bellow 30 years old. People from 31 to 50 years old were 41% of total internet users. Very fewer people over 50 years old or less than 15 years used the internet in Malaysia in this year. In next year, the percentage of younger and aged users of internet increased to 8% of total internet users and internet users from other two age groups decreased slightly. In the year 2000, the same trend can be observed and aged internet users increased to 10% while the percentage of internet users among 16 to 50 years decreased by 1-2%.

Ø As is observed from the bar graph, the internet is popular among the 16 to 50 years old people in Taiwan and over times the younger and senior citizens affection and needs towards internet usages increased.

Ø The given data present the information about the internet users in four age groups in Malaysia between the years 1998 to 2000. As is presented in the bar graph, people from 16 to 30 years old of Malaysia used the internet more than people of other age group and over the time internet users from younger and aged people increased.

As is observed from the bar graph, the internet is popular among the 16 to 50 years old people in Malaysia and over times the younger and senior citizens affection and needs towards internet usages increased.

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Friday, November 18, 2016

I B TECH I SEM ENGLISH NOTES

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