SHAHEEN TAJ, HEAD, S&H DEPARTMENT, NIST.
What does Kalam say about Sarabhai’s contribution to India’s Science programme?
Prof. Vikram Sarabhai was a visionary who pioneered Space Research in India. He had invited Kalam to take up RATO project. During this project Prof. Sarabhai has realized his vision for ten year Space Research. The confidence and courage of Prof. Sarabhai made the Indian Scientific Community competent and ready to take on new challenges. It was Sarabhai who had located Shriharikota to rocket launching station.
Kalam has deep respect and utmost veneration to Prof. Sarabhai. He considers him as the ‘Mahatma of Indian Science’. Prof. Sarabhai was an innovator who was highly optimistic and tolerant. He identified the capabilities of his sub-ordinates. He was the only scientist who single handedly planned and got executed the vast network of Space Research Organizations throughout India. He wanted to develop indigenous rockets and satellites.
Prof. Sarabhai had formed a team named SLV-3 to develop SLV and Kalam was chosen to lead the project. Prof. Sarabhai used to say that mistakes were inevitable but generally manageable. He had the wisdom to understand any kind of situation. He had set up the Rocket Engineering Section at Thumba.
For five years, about 22 scientists and engineers had worked with Prof. Sarabhai who later took charge of important scientific projects. Prof. Sarabhai personally supervised the progress of each and every stage of SLV-3 until his untimely death. The TERLS at Thumba became the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, and the work on SLV -3 went on in full swing in Prof. Sarabhai’s memory.
Within a year of Sarabhai’s death India’s first SLV lifted off from SHAR. This credit goes to the pillars of Indian Space Programme, Prof. Sarabhai in particular. Thus Sarabhai’s visions define the country’s Space Progamme.
Why was the Nandi project abandoned?
In 1958, Kalam was posted at the Technical Centre. Based on his experience and studies, the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) set up a project team. Kalam was the leader. His first assignment was to design and develop an indigenous hovercraft prototype, called the Ground Equipment Machine. With limited resources and almost no information, the team designed and developed the indigenous hovercraft named ‘ Nandi”.
Defence Minister, V.K.Krishna Menon, was keenly interested in the success of this project. Inspite of his colleagues’ hostility Kalam and his small team succeeded in designing and developing the Nandi hovercraft. It’s appearance was not attractive but it could serve its purpose. V.K.Krishna Menon took a ride in it with Kalam at the controls. The risk was worth as it proved to be a smooth ride. The Defence Minister declared that the basic problems of hovercraft development were solved now. He encouraged Kalam to develop more powerful Prime movers and call him for more rides.
Abdul Kalam completed the Nandi project successfully ahead of schedule. It was appreciated by the Director of ADE also. But by then Krishna Menon was out of office. The new government did not show any interest in the project. Hence the GEM project was called off. Abdul Kalam was greatly disappointment as he had put his heart and soul into the successful creation of Nandi. Thus his early years as an employee ended with a successfully shelved Nandi project.
Sunday, November 22, 2009
Friday, November 20, 2009
A Very Short History of Computer Ethics
S.Shaheen Taj,HOD (S&H Dept),NIST.
Computer Ethics
How are the hypotheses of Deborah Johnson and Krystyna Gorniak different from each other on the issue of computer revolution and ethics?
Computer ethics includes consideration of both personal and social policies for the ethical use of computer technology. Norbert Wiener is the father of computer ethics. Later many other thinkers like Johnson and Gorniak made extensive study of the applied personal and social computer ethics. Everyone had their own hypothesis.
In 1985 Johnson published her first major textbook, Computer Ethics. In it she has defined computer ethics as a field that examines new moral problems, dilemmas, old problems and application of ordinary morals in new situations. She thought that computers would not create new problems but they will give new twist to familiar issues of ownership, power, privacy and responsibility. Like Gorniak she too thought that computer ethics would disappear as a branch of applied ethics.
In the paper presented at the 1995 ETHICOMP international conference, Krystyna Gorniak predicted that computer ethics would evolve into global ethics which would be common to all cultures. It would be applicable to all human actions and relations. She predicted that all ethical theories would be replaced by computer ethics. In her view, the computer revolution would lead to a new ethical system which will be global and cross-cultural in nature.
Deborah Johnson said that computer ethics and ordinary ethics would become one. This is opposite of Krystyna’s theory. Computer revolution in her pinion would not lead to a revolution in ethics. Thus their views were different. Krystyna said that computer revolution would radically change human life style, whereas Deborah Johnson said that the current fundamental ethical theories would remain forever with a new twist. This would make applied computer ethics disappear.
Write about Norbert Weiner’s contribution to Computer Ethics.
Terrel Ward Bynum writes about the birth, growth and the probable death of Computer Ethics in his essay, “A Very Short History of Computer Ethics.” Weiner, a professor in the MIT is considered to be the ‘Father of Computer Ethics. He encountered a problem of automatic control systems for guided missiles. It required tracking and hunting of enemy aircraft and then shooting them down. he thought that the computer must be made to work like a human hunter.
Weiner observed that this gives rise to various social and ethical problems, he thus required a new branch of science related to computers which he called as “cybernetics” and digital computers would lead to revolutionary social and ethical consequences. He was sure that the integration of computer technology into society would affect every major aspect of life. Thus a new set of values and ethics were needed.
The mid 60s saw the rise of computer technology as Weiner had thought. Thus the thinkers like Donn Parker created a code of ethics for the members of the Association of Computer Machinery (ACM). The necessity of computer ethics was essential. Further, privacy became a thing of the past and George Orwell’s prediction tha the ‘big brother is watching you’ proved to be true. By mid 70s, new privacy laws and computer crime laws were enacted in many advanced countries.
Computer entered the field of medicine and psychology too. This gave rise to a set of strange ethical problems which required careful handling and thus a separate branch of applied ethics. This was nothing but computer ethics. Computer ethics includes consideration of both personal and social policies for the ethical use of computer technology. Thus computer ethics, at present is very much essential. Weiner’s contribution to computer ethics is so important that credit goes to him for conceiving the applied ethics.
Computer Ethics
How are the hypotheses of Deborah Johnson and Krystyna Gorniak different from each other on the issue of computer revolution and ethics?
Computer ethics includes consideration of both personal and social policies for the ethical use of computer technology. Norbert Wiener is the father of computer ethics. Later many other thinkers like Johnson and Gorniak made extensive study of the applied personal and social computer ethics. Everyone had their own hypothesis.
In 1985 Johnson published her first major textbook, Computer Ethics. In it she has defined computer ethics as a field that examines new moral problems, dilemmas, old problems and application of ordinary morals in new situations. She thought that computers would not create new problems but they will give new twist to familiar issues of ownership, power, privacy and responsibility. Like Gorniak she too thought that computer ethics would disappear as a branch of applied ethics.
In the paper presented at the 1995 ETHICOMP international conference, Krystyna Gorniak predicted that computer ethics would evolve into global ethics which would be common to all cultures. It would be applicable to all human actions and relations. She predicted that all ethical theories would be replaced by computer ethics. In her view, the computer revolution would lead to a new ethical system which will be global and cross-cultural in nature.
Deborah Johnson said that computer ethics and ordinary ethics would become one. This is opposite of Krystyna’s theory. Computer revolution in her pinion would not lead to a revolution in ethics. Thus their views were different. Krystyna said that computer revolution would radically change human life style, whereas Deborah Johnson said that the current fundamental ethical theories would remain forever with a new twist. This would make applied computer ethics disappear.
Write about Norbert Weiner’s contribution to Computer Ethics.
Terrel Ward Bynum writes about the birth, growth and the probable death of Computer Ethics in his essay, “A Very Short History of Computer Ethics.” Weiner, a professor in the MIT is considered to be the ‘Father of Computer Ethics. He encountered a problem of automatic control systems for guided missiles. It required tracking and hunting of enemy aircraft and then shooting them down. he thought that the computer must be made to work like a human hunter.
Weiner observed that this gives rise to various social and ethical problems, he thus required a new branch of science related to computers which he called as “cybernetics” and digital computers would lead to revolutionary social and ethical consequences. He was sure that the integration of computer technology into society would affect every major aspect of life. Thus a new set of values and ethics were needed.
The mid 60s saw the rise of computer technology as Weiner had thought. Thus the thinkers like Donn Parker created a code of ethics for the members of the Association of Computer Machinery (ACM). The necessity of computer ethics was essential. Further, privacy became a thing of the past and George Orwell’s prediction tha the ‘big brother is watching you’ proved to be true. By mid 70s, new privacy laws and computer crime laws were enacted in many advanced countries.
Computer entered the field of medicine and psychology too. This gave rise to a set of strange ethical problems which required careful handling and thus a separate branch of applied ethics. This was nothing but computer ethics. Computer ethics includes consideration of both personal and social policies for the ethical use of computer technology. Thus computer ethics, at present is very much essential. Weiner’s contribution to computer ethics is so important that credit goes to him for conceiving the applied ethics.
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
I Unit - Our Picture of the Universe
OUR PICTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
Stephen Hawking narrates how mankind has come to frame the theories of the planetary system and the universe as a whole. He says that a unified theory regarding the birth and nature of the universe is essential. Man has always been fascinated by the mysteries of the universe, every age tried to explain the universe in its own way. The early people believed that the earth was a flat plate supported by a giant tortoise. An infinite number of tortoises supported the giant tortoise. Aristotle was the first to propose a scientific theory about the planetary system. He proposed the geo-centric theory. According to that theory the earth was the center of the universe with the sun the moon and the stars revolving around it. He was the first to propose that the earth was round by his observation of the shadow of the earth on the moon during eclipses. He confirmed his theory by the position of the North Star which appeared to be low when viewed from the South but appeared to be just over the head when viewed from the North. Next to Aristotle was Ptolemy. He too supported the views of Aristotle. Ptolemy gave the eight spears in which Earth was at the centre and Sun, Moon and the then discovered five planets formed the seven spears whereas stars formed the outermost eighth spear. He too said the revolution was circular in orbits.
Copernicus discounted the geo-centric theory and proposed helio-centric theory. According to that the Sun was the centre of the planetary system and the earth and other planets revolved around the Sun in circular orbits. But the actual observation did not match the predictions. Johannes Kepler and Galileo too believed in circular orbits in the beginning. Galileo invented telescope and found that few moon were revolving around Jupiter. This was a death blow to Aristotle-Ptolemic theory. Kepler suggested elliptical orbits for the planets. Now the predictions matched the observation. But Kepler could not explain what forces made the planets to revolve around the sun.
It was now Newton’s turn to give explanation for the motion of the planets and stars. He explained that the elliptical orbits of the moon round the earth and those of the planets round the sun were due to the gravitational forces. He gave us gravitational theory and also mathematical formulas to calculate the motions of plants and satellites. He explained that as there were infinite stars in the universe there was no centre for them to fall to. Newton’s law of gravitation showed that the universe showed that the universe could not remain static, later Edwin Hubble observed that the universe was expanding. He observed that the distant galaxies were moving rapidly away. So he believed that he heavenly objects were closer together earlier and hence the universe was dense. These discoveries brought forth the question about the beginning of the universe or tis origin. Hubble suggested that there was a time in the past called the Big Bang when the universe was very small and infinitely dense. Time had a beginning at the point of the Big Bang. Then the universe blew up with a bang to from the present state of the universe. It is still expanding.
Stephen say’s that God created the universe at any point of time in the past. If the universe was expanding here might be reasons why there had to be a beginning. It could be imagined that God created the universe at the time of the Big Bang or later, but not earlier. All there theories according to Stephen are partial theories. Thus a unified theory regarding the universe is necessary. As the universe appeared to be following certain laws, even the beginning must have had some laws. Those laws should be found to have a unified theory about the universe. Scientists have only tow partial theories to explain the universe. One is the general theory of relativity and the other is the quantum theory. The first is on a loage scale and the second is a mini scale. So Hawkin proposes the necessity of havng a quantum theory of gravity. Thus to explain the universe, a unified theory is essential. It satisfies man’s undying curiosity to know the unknown. So that he can solve the mystery of the universe.
Stephen Hawking narrates how mankind has come to frame the theories of the planetary system and the universe as a whole. He says that a unified theory regarding the birth and nature of the universe is essential. Man has always been fascinated by the mysteries of the universe, every age tried to explain the universe in its own way. The early people believed that the earth was a flat plate supported by a giant tortoise. An infinite number of tortoises supported the giant tortoise. Aristotle was the first to propose a scientific theory about the planetary system. He proposed the geo-centric theory. According to that theory the earth was the center of the universe with the sun the moon and the stars revolving around it. He was the first to propose that the earth was round by his observation of the shadow of the earth on the moon during eclipses. He confirmed his theory by the position of the North Star which appeared to be low when viewed from the South but appeared to be just over the head when viewed from the North. Next to Aristotle was Ptolemy. He too supported the views of Aristotle. Ptolemy gave the eight spears in which Earth was at the centre and Sun, Moon and the then discovered five planets formed the seven spears whereas stars formed the outermost eighth spear. He too said the revolution was circular in orbits.
Copernicus discounted the geo-centric theory and proposed helio-centric theory. According to that the Sun was the centre of the planetary system and the earth and other planets revolved around the Sun in circular orbits. But the actual observation did not match the predictions. Johannes Kepler and Galileo too believed in circular orbits in the beginning. Galileo invented telescope and found that few moon were revolving around Jupiter. This was a death blow to Aristotle-Ptolemic theory. Kepler suggested elliptical orbits for the planets. Now the predictions matched the observation. But Kepler could not explain what forces made the planets to revolve around the sun.
It was now Newton’s turn to give explanation for the motion of the planets and stars. He explained that the elliptical orbits of the moon round the earth and those of the planets round the sun were due to the gravitational forces. He gave us gravitational theory and also mathematical formulas to calculate the motions of plants and satellites. He explained that as there were infinite stars in the universe there was no centre for them to fall to. Newton’s law of gravitation showed that the universe showed that the universe could not remain static, later Edwin Hubble observed that the universe was expanding. He observed that the distant galaxies were moving rapidly away. So he believed that he heavenly objects were closer together earlier and hence the universe was dense. These discoveries brought forth the question about the beginning of the universe or tis origin. Hubble suggested that there was a time in the past called the Big Bang when the universe was very small and infinitely dense. Time had a beginning at the point of the Big Bang. Then the universe blew up with a bang to from the present state of the universe. It is still expanding.
Stephen say’s that God created the universe at any point of time in the past. If the universe was expanding here might be reasons why there had to be a beginning. It could be imagined that God created the universe at the time of the Big Bang or later, but not earlier. All there theories according to Stephen are partial theories. Thus a unified theory regarding the universe is necessary. As the universe appeared to be following certain laws, even the beginning must have had some laws. Those laws should be found to have a unified theory about the universe. Scientists have only tow partial theories to explain the universe. One is the general theory of relativity and the other is the quantum theory. The first is on a loage scale and the second is a mini scale. So Hawkin proposes the necessity of havng a quantum theory of gravity. Thus to explain the universe, a unified theory is essential. It satisfies man’s undying curiosity to know the unknown. So that he can solve the mystery of the universe.
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Online Bits
1. Aristotle was a : Greek Philosopher.
2. The moon moves in an elliptical orbit around the earth on account of : universal gravitation.
3. The book in which Aristotle maintained that the earth is round sphere instead of a plate is : On the Heavens
4. Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Priest, proposed a simple model of the Solar System.
5. Aristotle’s arguments were considered to be good because : they were supported by facts.
6. Newton realized that, according to the theory of gravity, the stars should attract one another. The statement implies that : The stars could not remain motionless.
7. Which human yearning is justification enough for the continued search for a complete unified theory of the universe? : Desire for knowledge.
8. Until 1929, the two basic beliefs about the universe were : the universe was static and the origin was a theological question.
9. Edwin Hubble observed that wherever one looks, the distant galaxies are found to be moving away, which suggests that : the universe is expanding.
10. According to Karl Popper a good theory : could be disproved by observation.
11. According to Stephen Hawking, the ultimate goal of science is : to provide a unified theory of the whole universe.
12. Newton’s theory of gravity, states that the stars attract one another since : they cannot remain static.
13. The Copernicus theory was supported by : Kepler and Galileo.
14. Aristotle belonged to Greece.
15. According to Ptolemy the outermost sphere of the cosmos : carried fixed stars.
16. The death-blow to the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic theory came : when Galileo invented the telescope in 1609.
17. Sir Isaac Newton observed that the planets moved in : ellipses, not circles.
18. Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of the four elements, namely, earth, air, fire and water was nullified because : it did not make any definite predictions.
19. According to Stephen Hawking, man has discovered : a unified theory.
20. According to Stephen Hawking, a good theory must describe observations based on a model and make : definite predictions.
21. The major questions that were unanswered before Aristotle were related to : the nature of time and origin of the universe.
22. The basis on which Aristotle believed that the earth was spherical was that : the earth’s shadow on the earth was always round.
23. The model of the universe as proposed by Nicholas Copernicus was that : the sun was stationary at the centre with the earth and the other planets moving in circular orbits around the sun.
24. Aristotle observed that the eclipses of the moon were caused by : the earth coming between the sun and the moon.
25. Galileo’s observation through the telescope indicated that : the earth may not be at the centre of the universe.
26. According to Sir Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation : each body in the universe was attracted by every other body by a strong force.
27. The idea which Ptolemy elaborated into a complete cosmological model was that of : Aristotle
28. The major defect in the cosmological model as conceived by Ptolemy was : that the earth was static.
29. Edwin Hubble’s observation that the galaxies were fast moving away indicates that : the heavenly objects were very close to one another earlier.
30. Hubble’s Big Bang theory of time suggested that the universe was once : very small and very dense.
31. Why do the stars not fall together at some point? What is Newton's observation?
There are infinite number of stars distributed over infinite space
32. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way it might be impossible to get a solution by
Investigating parts of the problem in isolation
33. In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss question such as whether it has a beginning or an end we must be clear about :
What a scientific theory is
34. The two partial theories are:
The General theory of relativity and Quantum Mechanics
35. A Simpler model of the Universe was proposed in : 1514 AD
36. In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end we must be clear about :
What a scientific theory is
37. What are the five planets revolving round the earth according to Ptolemy?
Mercury, Venu, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
38. Kalam's parents fulfilled his: emotional and material needs
1. The Science of information feedback system is called : Cybernetics
2. The classic in Computer ethics written by Joseph Weizenbaum is : Computer Power and Human Reason published in 1976.
3. A series of international conferences on computer ethics is known as : ETHICOMP
4. Down Parker created a code of ethics for the members of the : Association of Computer-aided government organizations.
5. Walter Maner defined computer ethics as a branch which studies ethical problems created by computer technology.
6. The Association for Computing Machinery was established in 1973, and created a code of ethics.
7. The year 1985 was a watershed year for computer ethics because : Deborah Johnson published the first major text book in the field, Computer Ethics.
8. The ‘second industrial revolution’ referred by Norbert Weiner is : the integration of computer technology into society.
9. According to Gorniak, as computers do not know boundaries, computer ethics leads to the : emergence of computer revolution.
10. The computer programme created to imitate a Rogerian psychotherapist engaged in an interview with a patient was : ELIZA
11. Norbert Wiener’s book on computer ethics entitled, The Human Use of Human Beings, was written in : 1950
12. The author who defined computer ethics as a branch that studies ethical problems created by computer technology was : Walter Maner
13. Deborah Johnson believed that : fundamental ethical theories would remain unaffected
14. Deborah Johnson believed that the computer revolution would lead to : a revolution in ethics
15. Norbert Weiner, Walter Maner and Krystyna Gorniak considered computer technology : ethically revolutionary
16. Computer ethics as a field of study was founded by Norbert Wiener while helping to develop an : anti-aircraft cannon
17. In 1940’s Norbert Wiener founded the new area of : applied ethics
18. The person who observed that computer revolution would not lead to a revolution in ethics was : Deborah Johnson
19. Some psychiatrists thought that the computer program, ELIZA created by Joseph Weizenbaum would provide : Automated psychotherapy
20. The editor of the journal, Metaphilosophy, was : Terrell Ward Bynum
21. The person who won the essay competition conducted by Terrell Ward Bynum to generate interest in computer ethics, was : James Moor
22. The title of the prize winning essay written by James Moor was : What is Computer Ethics?
23. The person who said that the computer ethic would bring in global ethic was : Krystyna Gorniak
24. The person who developed curriculum materials and a university course in computer ethics in 1979 was : Terrell Ward Bynum
25. Which book laid foundation for comprehensive computer ethics?
The Human Use of Human Beings
26. Who is the first person to foresee the revolutionary social and ethical consequences of computer technology? Norbert Weiner
27. Big Brother government means : A government in authority that has complete control power and tries to control people's behavior and thoughts and limit their freedom.
28. Who said "Computers do not know borders"? Krystnya Gorniak
29. ACM code was devised to address problems related to:Computer crimes.
30.The Pioneer of computer ethics as a field of study is: Norbert Weiner
31.Whose views on the computer ethics are contrary to the views held by Gornaik: Johnson's
32. How many times was the ACM code revised : twice
1. Prof. Vikram Sarabhai is a man of : High optimism
2. Siva Temple made Rameswaram so sacred.
3. One of the significant developments that occurred during the subsequent work on RATO was : the release of a ten- year profile for space research in the country
4. Abdul Kalam was called Azad by : Ahmed Jallaluddin
5. Dr. Chitnis of the physical Research Laboratory had spotted Thumba as an equatorial Rocket Launchig Station because : it was very close to the earth’s magnetic equator
6. The collapse of Pamban Bridge was the main concern for Abdul Kalam’s father during the cyclone that struck the Rameswaram coast?
7. Abdul Kalam was sent to the Aircraft and Armament Testing Unit (A&ATU) at Kanpur to : design a model craft
8. The most cherished memory of Abdul Kalam at MIT : Prof. Sponder praising Abdul Kalam as his best student
9. The full form of NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
10 Aeronautical Development Establishment is at: Bangalore
11. The article that won the prize for Abdul Kalam in an essay writing competition : Let us make our own aircraft
12. St. Mary Magdalene Church housed the first office of the Thumba Space Centre.
13. Abdul Kalam took his first posting at: DTD&P Air
14. ‘Bread baked without love is bitter bread that feeds out half a man’s hunger.’ Who made this statement? : Khalil Gibran
15. The incident that helped Abdul Kalam to pursue his studies at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT)? : Mortgage of gold bangles and chain by Zohra
16. What influenced Abdul Kalam to move away and study in Schwartz High School? Mahatma Gandhi’s declaration that “Indians would build their own India”.
17. The most popular newspaper in the early childhood of Abdul Kalam was : Dinamani
18. India’s first jet fog fighter, the HF 24 Marut was designed by : Dr. Kurt Tank
19. Who said the following and to whom ? “Going away is a part of growing up.” : Jainulabdeen to Abdul Kalam
20. The city of Delhi was named after a Sufisaint : Hazrat Nizamuddin
21. Abdul Kalam’s love for reading was encouraged by : STR Manickam
22. The seeds by selling which Abdul Kalam got his first earnings were : tamarind seeds
23. Abdul Kalam was born in the year :1931
24. Abdul Kalam’s father’s name was Jainulabdeen and mother’s name was Ashiamma.
25. Abdul Kalam’s sister’s name was Zohara and brother-in-law was Jallaluddin.
26. Rameswaram was a part of the state of : Madras.
27. The creativity that Abdul Kalam, displayed in his life was due to the inspiration provided by Jallaluddin and: Samsuddin
28. The man who said to Abdul Kalam, “With faith, one can change one’s destiny”. Was: Iyadurai Solomon
29. The language in which Jainulabdeen was able to express complex spiritual concepts was : Tamil
30. When World II started in 1939, Abdul Kalam’s mother and grandmother told him were from the Ramayan and : The life of Prophet muhammud
31. A sail boat was launched by Jainulabdeen to carry pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanuskodi
32. The Nandi project was abandoned because of the change of : the central government.
33. The real journey of the Indian space programme began with : The Rohini Sounding Rocket programme
34. The painting that aroused the curiosity of Abdul Kalam at NASA about the development of Rockets in India was : the painting of the army of Tipu Sultan fighting the British East India Company
35. The full form of GEM is : Ground Equipment Machine
36. The objective of project Nandi was to develop : a practical hovercraft for battlefield applications
37. The purpose of Abdul Kalam’s first visit to NASA was to : to attend a six-month training programme in sounding rocket launching technologies
38. The rebirth of rocketry in India was due to the technological vision of : Jawaharlal Nehru
39. The first two Indian rockets launched from Thumba were : Rohini and Menaka
40. The first Rohini-75 rocket was launched from TERLS on : 20 November 1967
41. In his approach Prof Vikram Sarabhai was rather : unorthodox
42. Prof Vikram Sarabhai was running the country’s space research establishment : understaffed and overworked
43. In Abdul Kalam’s view Prof Sarabhai was : an innovator
44. Prof Vikram Sarabhai believed in : an open and free exchange of views
45. Prof Vikram Sarabhai felt that without collective understanding of a problem : effective leadership was impossible
46. The Indian Air Force was in dire need of RATO motors for use in : S-22 and HF-24 aircraft
47. India’s first rocket launch took place on : 21 November 1963
48. India’s first sounding rocket made at NASA and launched at Thumba was Nike- Apache
49. The development of Indian rockets in the twentieth century can be seen as a revival of the eighteenth century vision of : Tipu Sultan
50. Prof. Vikram Sarabhai took a series of decisions which later became : the life-mission of many scientists in India
51. The scientist who selected Thumba in Kerala as India’s Rocket Launching Station was : Dr. Chitinis of the Physical Research Laboratory
52. Who said "going away is a part of growing up"? Jainulabddin
53. The Person who made the statement "Bread baked without love is a bitter bread, that feeds but half a man's hunger" was Khalil Gibran
54. Who helped Kalam to look beyond the limited horizons of the life?
Jallaluddin
55. Kalam was also benefited from his interaction with Jallaluddin and Samsuddin whose wisdom was based on intuition rather than instruction.
56. I was born into a middle class Tamil family, on the island town of Rameswaram.
57. Who used to say "Seek the truth and the truth shall set you free"? Pakshi Laxman shastri
58. The effective V-2 short range ballistic missiles were produces in Germany.
59. Kalam's fascinating subject is : Aeronautics
60. When Kalam was posted at DTD& P who was the Director? Dr. Neelakantan
61. Kalam was to undergo training at NASA on : Sounding rocket launching techniques
62. Who had highlighted the importance of clever business practices
Jaya Chandra Babu
63. When World War II started Kalam was: 8 year old
64. NASA is the center for :research and development in advanced aerospace technology
65. In ADE Bangalore, the first assignment given to Kalam was to design:
ground equipment machine
66. The initial funding amount given for RATO motor was: 75 lakh
67. Who said the following- " You must develop your skills so that you can compete with the highly educated people in the big cities" : Siva Subramanyam Iyer
68. At MIT Technical Aerodynamics was taught by: Professor Sponder
69. Where us NASA's research centre located?: Virginia
70. IAF interview was conducted in : Dehradun
71. When Kalam was posted to DTD&P who was the director? Dr. Neelakantan
72. NASA is the centre for:Research and Development in Advanced Aerospace Technology
1.Accept your destiny and go ahead with your life.
2.God created the universe at the instant of the Big Bang.
3. The development of the Indian rockets in the twentieth century can be seen as the revival of the eighteenth century vision of Tipu Sultan.
4. The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe.
5. Having a limit or end: Finite
6. The eclipses of the moon were caused by the earth coming between the sun and the moon.
7. In the mid 1960s, computer enabled invasions of privacy by Big brother government agencies became a public worry.
8. The Greeks knew from their travels that the North star appeared lower in the sky.
9. Professor Sarabhai believed in an open and free exchange of views.
10.It brought to mind an incident my mother had told me from the Bible.
11.Jainulabdeen was neither highly educated nor very rich.
12.This idea was elaborated by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. into a complete cosmological model.
13. I was advised to stay back for a couple of days.
14. I was born into a middle class Tamil family, on the island town of Rameswaram.
ANTONYMS
1. Frugal : Extravagant
2. Commit : Release
3. Approach : Disappear
4. Accidental : Intentional
5. Equilibrium : Imbalance
6. Convince : Compel
7. Superior : Inferior
8. Ridiculous : Reasonable
9. Known: strange
10. Fortunately: Unfortunately
11. Artificial : Natural
12. Capable: Incapable
13 Explored: unexplored
14. Ridiculous: Reasonable
15. Ethical : Unethical
16. Moral : Amoral
17. Elegant:Graceless
18.Known : Strange
SYNONYMS
1. Arbitrary : Independent
2. Static : Stationary
3. Reverence : Respect
4. Fascinating : Enchanting
5. Integrity : Unity
6. Intuition : foreknowledge
7. Infinitesimal : Infinitely small
8. Pitfall : Downfall
9. Revoke : cancel
10.A feeling of strong dislike: aversion
11.Hypothesis: theory
12.Isolated: Separated
13. Reverence: Respect
14. Insightful: perceptive
15. Robust: weak
16. Diversity: Variety
17. Avid : enthusiastic
18. Diversity: variety
19. Omnipotent:All powerful
20. Perceive: Identify
21. Initial : Preliminary
Choose the word that does not belong to the group.
1. Regime, Procedure, Business, Method : Business
2. Theology, Hypothesis, Thesis, Gravity : Thesis
3. Economy, Per capita income, Wealth, University : University
4. Novel, Book, Innovative, Original : Book
5. Scientist, Astronomer, Engineer, Theology : Theology
Identify the error
1. An engineer is a professional which puts scientific knowledge to practical use. : which
2. The earliest form of artificial lightening was fire, which also provided warm and protection. : warm
3. We don’t deserve the punishment: neither my friend nor I are to blame for the incident. : are
4. Mark is one of those who has not understood the problem. : has
5. Hardly he had entered the classroom when he realized that he had forgotten to bring the duster. : he had
6. One of the several problems is to convince the Management about the need to take immediate steps. : about
ACCENT MARK
1. En’thusiasm
2. Im’provement
3. Compe’tition
4. In’digenous
5. Inte’llectual
6. Cap’ability
7. Im’provement
8. En’deavours
Spelling
1. Ultimately
2. Dilemma
3. Perspective
4. Receive
5. Convinced
6. Rudimentary
7. Integration
8. Philosopher
9. curriculum
10. convinced
11. Challenge
12. Engineer
13. Hypothesis
14. Aggravate
Preposition & Article
1. My father has great hope for my future.
2. Johnson’s hypothesis, in reality, is essentially the opposite of Gorniak’s.
3. The planets were made to orbit the Sun.
4. The earth stood at the center.
5. Where did the universe come from?
6. Universe is governed by definite laws.
7. Each body in the universe is attracted towards every other body by a force.
8. Infinite number of stars were distributed over a finite region of space.
PREFIX
1. Heard : Unheard
2. Appear : Disappear
3. Adequate : Inadequate
4. Repairable : Irreparable
5. Affected : Unaffected
6. Significant : Insignificant
7.Consistent: Inconsistent
One Word Substitute
1. Oral examination of applicant : Interview
2. Describe or explain by experiment : Demonstration
3. About to happen : Imminent
4. Order to appear : Summon
5. ‘To have a complete commitment and dedication’ : Heart and Soul
6. Preserve in memory by celebration or ceremony : Commemorate
7. Difficult to classify : Multiplex
8. One who flies a spacecraft : Astronaut
9. Utter confusion : Chaotic
10. Tosay that an event or action will happen in future: predict
11. Not moving or changing: Static
Idiom Phrase
1. ‘to raise and educate’ : bring up
2. ‘fail or collapse’ : breakdown
3. ‘persuade or convince to take part’ : to rope in
4. ‘to have a complete commitment and dedication’ : heart and soul
5. ‘major advance in knowledge’ : break through
6. ‘work continuously for a longer time’ : work around the clock
Meaning for the prefix
1. Pre : before
2. Ultra : beyond
3. Fore : before
4. Multi : many
5. Tetra : four
6. Uni : one
7. Pre : before
8. Post : after
9. Auto : self
10. Hypo : below normal
11. Proto : first
12. Amphi : both
13. Anti : against
14. Aero : air
15. Sub : under
16. Metro : chief
17. Equi : same
2. The moon moves in an elliptical orbit around the earth on account of : universal gravitation.
3. The book in which Aristotle maintained that the earth is round sphere instead of a plate is : On the Heavens
4. Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Priest, proposed a simple model of the Solar System.
5. Aristotle’s arguments were considered to be good because : they were supported by facts.
6. Newton realized that, according to the theory of gravity, the stars should attract one another. The statement implies that : The stars could not remain motionless.
7. Which human yearning is justification enough for the continued search for a complete unified theory of the universe? : Desire for knowledge.
8. Until 1929, the two basic beliefs about the universe were : the universe was static and the origin was a theological question.
9. Edwin Hubble observed that wherever one looks, the distant galaxies are found to be moving away, which suggests that : the universe is expanding.
10. According to Karl Popper a good theory : could be disproved by observation.
11. According to Stephen Hawking, the ultimate goal of science is : to provide a unified theory of the whole universe.
12. Newton’s theory of gravity, states that the stars attract one another since : they cannot remain static.
13. The Copernicus theory was supported by : Kepler and Galileo.
14. Aristotle belonged to Greece.
15. According to Ptolemy the outermost sphere of the cosmos : carried fixed stars.
16. The death-blow to the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic theory came : when Galileo invented the telescope in 1609.
17. Sir Isaac Newton observed that the planets moved in : ellipses, not circles.
18. Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of the four elements, namely, earth, air, fire and water was nullified because : it did not make any definite predictions.
19. According to Stephen Hawking, man has discovered : a unified theory.
20. According to Stephen Hawking, a good theory must describe observations based on a model and make : definite predictions.
21. The major questions that were unanswered before Aristotle were related to : the nature of time and origin of the universe.
22. The basis on which Aristotle believed that the earth was spherical was that : the earth’s shadow on the earth was always round.
23. The model of the universe as proposed by Nicholas Copernicus was that : the sun was stationary at the centre with the earth and the other planets moving in circular orbits around the sun.
24. Aristotle observed that the eclipses of the moon were caused by : the earth coming between the sun and the moon.
25. Galileo’s observation through the telescope indicated that : the earth may not be at the centre of the universe.
26. According to Sir Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation : each body in the universe was attracted by every other body by a strong force.
27. The idea which Ptolemy elaborated into a complete cosmological model was that of : Aristotle
28. The major defect in the cosmological model as conceived by Ptolemy was : that the earth was static.
29. Edwin Hubble’s observation that the galaxies were fast moving away indicates that : the heavenly objects were very close to one another earlier.
30. Hubble’s Big Bang theory of time suggested that the universe was once : very small and very dense.
31. Why do the stars not fall together at some point? What is Newton's observation?
There are infinite number of stars distributed over infinite space
32. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way it might be impossible to get a solution by
Investigating parts of the problem in isolation
33. In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss question such as whether it has a beginning or an end we must be clear about :
What a scientific theory is
34. The two partial theories are:
The General theory of relativity and Quantum Mechanics
35. A Simpler model of the Universe was proposed in : 1514 AD
36. In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end we must be clear about :
What a scientific theory is
37. What are the five planets revolving round the earth according to Ptolemy?
Mercury, Venu, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
38. Kalam's parents fulfilled his: emotional and material needs
1. The Science of information feedback system is called : Cybernetics
2. The classic in Computer ethics written by Joseph Weizenbaum is : Computer Power and Human Reason published in 1976.
3. A series of international conferences on computer ethics is known as : ETHICOMP
4. Down Parker created a code of ethics for the members of the : Association of Computer-aided government organizations.
5. Walter Maner defined computer ethics as a branch which studies ethical problems created by computer technology.
6. The Association for Computing Machinery was established in 1973, and created a code of ethics.
7. The year 1985 was a watershed year for computer ethics because : Deborah Johnson published the first major text book in the field, Computer Ethics.
8. The ‘second industrial revolution’ referred by Norbert Weiner is : the integration of computer technology into society.
9. According to Gorniak, as computers do not know boundaries, computer ethics leads to the : emergence of computer revolution.
10. The computer programme created to imitate a Rogerian psychotherapist engaged in an interview with a patient was : ELIZA
11. Norbert Wiener’s book on computer ethics entitled, The Human Use of Human Beings, was written in : 1950
12. The author who defined computer ethics as a branch that studies ethical problems created by computer technology was : Walter Maner
13. Deborah Johnson believed that : fundamental ethical theories would remain unaffected
14. Deborah Johnson believed that the computer revolution would lead to : a revolution in ethics
15. Norbert Weiner, Walter Maner and Krystyna Gorniak considered computer technology : ethically revolutionary
16. Computer ethics as a field of study was founded by Norbert Wiener while helping to develop an : anti-aircraft cannon
17. In 1940’s Norbert Wiener founded the new area of : applied ethics
18. The person who observed that computer revolution would not lead to a revolution in ethics was : Deborah Johnson
19. Some psychiatrists thought that the computer program, ELIZA created by Joseph Weizenbaum would provide : Automated psychotherapy
20. The editor of the journal, Metaphilosophy, was : Terrell Ward Bynum
21. The person who won the essay competition conducted by Terrell Ward Bynum to generate interest in computer ethics, was : James Moor
22. The title of the prize winning essay written by James Moor was : What is Computer Ethics?
23. The person who said that the computer ethic would bring in global ethic was : Krystyna Gorniak
24. The person who developed curriculum materials and a university course in computer ethics in 1979 was : Terrell Ward Bynum
25. Which book laid foundation for comprehensive computer ethics?
The Human Use of Human Beings
26. Who is the first person to foresee the revolutionary social and ethical consequences of computer technology? Norbert Weiner
27. Big Brother government means : A government in authority that has complete control power and tries to control people's behavior and thoughts and limit their freedom.
28. Who said "Computers do not know borders"? Krystnya Gorniak
29. ACM code was devised to address problems related to:Computer crimes.
30.The Pioneer of computer ethics as a field of study is: Norbert Weiner
31.Whose views on the computer ethics are contrary to the views held by Gornaik: Johnson's
32. How many times was the ACM code revised : twice
1. Prof. Vikram Sarabhai is a man of : High optimism
2. Siva Temple made Rameswaram so sacred.
3. One of the significant developments that occurred during the subsequent work on RATO was : the release of a ten- year profile for space research in the country
4. Abdul Kalam was called Azad by : Ahmed Jallaluddin
5. Dr. Chitnis of the physical Research Laboratory had spotted Thumba as an equatorial Rocket Launchig Station because : it was very close to the earth’s magnetic equator
6. The collapse of Pamban Bridge was the main concern for Abdul Kalam’s father during the cyclone that struck the Rameswaram coast?
7. Abdul Kalam was sent to the Aircraft and Armament Testing Unit (A&ATU) at Kanpur to : design a model craft
8. The most cherished memory of Abdul Kalam at MIT : Prof. Sponder praising Abdul Kalam as his best student
9. The full form of NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
10 Aeronautical Development Establishment is at: Bangalore
11. The article that won the prize for Abdul Kalam in an essay writing competition : Let us make our own aircraft
12. St. Mary Magdalene Church housed the first office of the Thumba Space Centre.
13. Abdul Kalam took his first posting at: DTD&P Air
14. ‘Bread baked without love is bitter bread that feeds out half a man’s hunger.’ Who made this statement? : Khalil Gibran
15. The incident that helped Abdul Kalam to pursue his studies at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT)? : Mortgage of gold bangles and chain by Zohra
16. What influenced Abdul Kalam to move away and study in Schwartz High School? Mahatma Gandhi’s declaration that “Indians would build their own India”.
17. The most popular newspaper in the early childhood of Abdul Kalam was : Dinamani
18. India’s first jet fog fighter, the HF 24 Marut was designed by : Dr. Kurt Tank
19. Who said the following and to whom ? “Going away is a part of growing up.” : Jainulabdeen to Abdul Kalam
20. The city of Delhi was named after a Sufisaint : Hazrat Nizamuddin
21. Abdul Kalam’s love for reading was encouraged by : STR Manickam
22. The seeds by selling which Abdul Kalam got his first earnings were : tamarind seeds
23. Abdul Kalam was born in the year :1931
24. Abdul Kalam’s father’s name was Jainulabdeen and mother’s name was Ashiamma.
25. Abdul Kalam’s sister’s name was Zohara and brother-in-law was Jallaluddin.
26. Rameswaram was a part of the state of : Madras.
27. The creativity that Abdul Kalam, displayed in his life was due to the inspiration provided by Jallaluddin and: Samsuddin
28. The man who said to Abdul Kalam, “With faith, one can change one’s destiny”. Was: Iyadurai Solomon
29. The language in which Jainulabdeen was able to express complex spiritual concepts was : Tamil
30. When World II started in 1939, Abdul Kalam’s mother and grandmother told him were from the Ramayan and : The life of Prophet muhammud
31. A sail boat was launched by Jainulabdeen to carry pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanuskodi
32. The Nandi project was abandoned because of the change of : the central government.
33. The real journey of the Indian space programme began with : The Rohini Sounding Rocket programme
34. The painting that aroused the curiosity of Abdul Kalam at NASA about the development of Rockets in India was : the painting of the army of Tipu Sultan fighting the British East India Company
35. The full form of GEM is : Ground Equipment Machine
36. The objective of project Nandi was to develop : a practical hovercraft for battlefield applications
37. The purpose of Abdul Kalam’s first visit to NASA was to : to attend a six-month training programme in sounding rocket launching technologies
38. The rebirth of rocketry in India was due to the technological vision of : Jawaharlal Nehru
39. The first two Indian rockets launched from Thumba were : Rohini and Menaka
40. The first Rohini-75 rocket was launched from TERLS on : 20 November 1967
41. In his approach Prof Vikram Sarabhai was rather : unorthodox
42. Prof Vikram Sarabhai was running the country’s space research establishment : understaffed and overworked
43. In Abdul Kalam’s view Prof Sarabhai was : an innovator
44. Prof Vikram Sarabhai believed in : an open and free exchange of views
45. Prof Vikram Sarabhai felt that without collective understanding of a problem : effective leadership was impossible
46. The Indian Air Force was in dire need of RATO motors for use in : S-22 and HF-24 aircraft
47. India’s first rocket launch took place on : 21 November 1963
48. India’s first sounding rocket made at NASA and launched at Thumba was Nike- Apache
49. The development of Indian rockets in the twentieth century can be seen as a revival of the eighteenth century vision of : Tipu Sultan
50. Prof. Vikram Sarabhai took a series of decisions which later became : the life-mission of many scientists in India
51. The scientist who selected Thumba in Kerala as India’s Rocket Launching Station was : Dr. Chitinis of the Physical Research Laboratory
52. Who said "going away is a part of growing up"? Jainulabddin
53. The Person who made the statement "Bread baked without love is a bitter bread, that feeds but half a man's hunger" was Khalil Gibran
54. Who helped Kalam to look beyond the limited horizons of the life?
Jallaluddin
55. Kalam was also benefited from his interaction with Jallaluddin and Samsuddin whose wisdom was based on intuition rather than instruction.
56. I was born into a middle class Tamil family, on the island town of Rameswaram.
57. Who used to say "Seek the truth and the truth shall set you free"? Pakshi Laxman shastri
58. The effective V-2 short range ballistic missiles were produces in Germany.
59. Kalam's fascinating subject is : Aeronautics
60. When Kalam was posted at DTD& P who was the Director? Dr. Neelakantan
61. Kalam was to undergo training at NASA on : Sounding rocket launching techniques
62. Who had highlighted the importance of clever business practices
Jaya Chandra Babu
63. When World War II started Kalam was: 8 year old
64. NASA is the center for :research and development in advanced aerospace technology
65. In ADE Bangalore, the first assignment given to Kalam was to design:
ground equipment machine
66. The initial funding amount given for RATO motor was: 75 lakh
67. Who said the following- " You must develop your skills so that you can compete with the highly educated people in the big cities" : Siva Subramanyam Iyer
68. At MIT Technical Aerodynamics was taught by: Professor Sponder
69. Where us NASA's research centre located?: Virginia
70. IAF interview was conducted in : Dehradun
71. When Kalam was posted to DTD&P who was the director? Dr. Neelakantan
72. NASA is the centre for:Research and Development in Advanced Aerospace Technology
1.Accept your destiny and go ahead with your life.
2.God created the universe at the instant of the Big Bang.
3. The development of the Indian rockets in the twentieth century can be seen as the revival of the eighteenth century vision of Tipu Sultan.
4. The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe.
5. Having a limit or end: Finite
6. The eclipses of the moon were caused by the earth coming between the sun and the moon.
7. In the mid 1960s, computer enabled invasions of privacy by Big brother government agencies became a public worry.
8. The Greeks knew from their travels that the North star appeared lower in the sky.
9. Professor Sarabhai believed in an open and free exchange of views.
10.It brought to mind an incident my mother had told me from the Bible.
11.Jainulabdeen was neither highly educated nor very rich.
12.This idea was elaborated by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. into a complete cosmological model.
13. I was advised to stay back for a couple of days.
14. I was born into a middle class Tamil family, on the island town of Rameswaram.
ANTONYMS
1. Frugal : Extravagant
2. Commit : Release
3. Approach : Disappear
4. Accidental : Intentional
5. Equilibrium : Imbalance
6. Convince : Compel
7. Superior : Inferior
8. Ridiculous : Reasonable
9. Known: strange
10. Fortunately: Unfortunately
11. Artificial : Natural
12. Capable: Incapable
13 Explored: unexplored
14. Ridiculous: Reasonable
15. Ethical : Unethical
16. Moral : Amoral
17. Elegant:Graceless
18.Known : Strange
SYNONYMS
1. Arbitrary : Independent
2. Static : Stationary
3. Reverence : Respect
4. Fascinating : Enchanting
5. Integrity : Unity
6. Intuition : foreknowledge
7. Infinitesimal : Infinitely small
8. Pitfall : Downfall
9. Revoke : cancel
10.A feeling of strong dislike: aversion
11.Hypothesis: theory
12.Isolated: Separated
13. Reverence: Respect
14. Insightful: perceptive
15. Robust: weak
16. Diversity: Variety
17. Avid : enthusiastic
18. Diversity: variety
19. Omnipotent:All powerful
20. Perceive: Identify
21. Initial : Preliminary
Choose the word that does not belong to the group.
1. Regime, Procedure, Business, Method : Business
2. Theology, Hypothesis, Thesis, Gravity : Thesis
3. Economy, Per capita income, Wealth, University : University
4. Novel, Book, Innovative, Original : Book
5. Scientist, Astronomer, Engineer, Theology : Theology
Identify the error
1. An engineer is a professional which puts scientific knowledge to practical use. : which
2. The earliest form of artificial lightening was fire, which also provided warm and protection. : warm
3. We don’t deserve the punishment: neither my friend nor I are to blame for the incident. : are
4. Mark is one of those who has not understood the problem. : has
5. Hardly he had entered the classroom when he realized that he had forgotten to bring the duster. : he had
6. One of the several problems is to convince the Management about the need to take immediate steps. : about
ACCENT MARK
1. En’thusiasm
2. Im’provement
3. Compe’tition
4. In’digenous
5. Inte’llectual
6. Cap’ability
7. Im’provement
8. En’deavours
Spelling
1. Ultimately
2. Dilemma
3. Perspective
4. Receive
5. Convinced
6. Rudimentary
7. Integration
8. Philosopher
9. curriculum
10. convinced
11. Challenge
12. Engineer
13. Hypothesis
14. Aggravate
Preposition & Article
1. My father has great hope for my future.
2. Johnson’s hypothesis, in reality, is essentially the opposite of Gorniak’s.
3. The planets were made to orbit the Sun.
4. The earth stood at the center.
5. Where did the universe come from?
6. Universe is governed by definite laws.
7. Each body in the universe is attracted towards every other body by a force.
8. Infinite number of stars were distributed over a finite region of space.
PREFIX
1. Heard : Unheard
2. Appear : Disappear
3. Adequate : Inadequate
4. Repairable : Irreparable
5. Affected : Unaffected
6. Significant : Insignificant
7.Consistent: Inconsistent
One Word Substitute
1. Oral examination of applicant : Interview
2. Describe or explain by experiment : Demonstration
3. About to happen : Imminent
4. Order to appear : Summon
5. ‘To have a complete commitment and dedication’ : Heart and Soul
6. Preserve in memory by celebration or ceremony : Commemorate
7. Difficult to classify : Multiplex
8. One who flies a spacecraft : Astronaut
9. Utter confusion : Chaotic
10. Tosay that an event or action will happen in future: predict
11. Not moving or changing: Static
Idiom Phrase
1. ‘to raise and educate’ : bring up
2. ‘fail or collapse’ : breakdown
3. ‘persuade or convince to take part’ : to rope in
4. ‘to have a complete commitment and dedication’ : heart and soul
5. ‘major advance in knowledge’ : break through
6. ‘work continuously for a longer time’ : work around the clock
Meaning for the prefix
1. Pre : before
2. Ultra : beyond
3. Fore : before
4. Multi : many
5. Tetra : four
6. Uni : one
7. Pre : before
8. Post : after
9. Auto : self
10. Hypo : below normal
11. Proto : first
12. Amphi : both
13. Anti : against
14. Aero : air
15. Sub : under
16. Metro : chief
17. Equi : same
Updated Version of Wings of Fire Notes
S.Shaheen Taj
HOD (S&H Dept)
NIST
Mobile:9440632292
E Mail ID: taj.mam@gmail.com
shaheen_english2002@yahoo.com
http://knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/
Wings of Fire
(An Autobiography) –A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Describe briefly the place of Abdul Kalam’s birth. (Or) Narrate the childhood of Abdul Kalam with a brief review of the things and persons that influenced him in his childhood (or) Narrate Kalam’s childhood and the influences of Kalam during his childhood.
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a middle class Tamil family in the island town of Rameshwaram in Oct 15, 1931. His parents Ashiamma and Jainulabdeen were widely regarded as the ideal couple. Rameshwaram was a part of Madras state, in British India. Dr Kalam lived in their ancestral house, built of limestone and brick which was a fairly huge house, situated in Rameshwaram’s Mosque Street. Rameshwaram was sacred to pilgrims because of the famous Shiva Temple. It was a sacred Hindu pilgrimage town.
As per the epic Ramayana, Rameshwaram is the place from where Rama sent his attack on Ravana. Every year Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam Ceremony was held there. Kalam’s family used to arrange the boats to carry idols from the temple to the marriage site, situated in the middle of the Rama Tirtha Pond. Hindus and Muslims lived friendly as neighbours. Kalam grew up imbibing both the cultures and religions. The people of Rameshwaram were religious, cultured and gentle.
Rameshwaram was a peaceful town where Hindus Muslims mingled closely, and discussed together on social and religious matters. Kalam learnt many things in his childhood hearing the discussions of his father and Lakshmana Sastry. Kalam’s father and Lakhmana Sastry were good friends. Both of them in their traditional attire discussed spiritual matters. Though their modes of worship were different, their thinking was similar. The small society of Rameshwaram was highly satisfied stratified and quite rigid about the segregation of different social groups. Though sometimes, some Brahmins were inherent towards Kalam, in general he was treated very well.
No doubt, Rameshwaram was a pilgrimage town and fishing locality but, it did not have any good schools or colleges to boast of. So Kalam had to go to study in Ramanathpuram, a much larger town. Inspite of such minor inconveniences Rameshwaram was quite a comfortable and peaceful town during Kalam’s childhood. Kalam feels sorry for leaving such a peaceful town. Kalam was forced to stay at. Ramanathapuram, which lacked the harmony of Rameswaram but ironically, the destiny, swept him away from the home of his childhood.
How did the cyclone that struck the Rameswaram coast affect the author’s family business? How did they deal with the situation?
Kalam,s father Jainulabdeen was wise and he possessed a truly generous spirit. His father was neither educated nor very rich. He lived frugally according to his austere principles. Jainulabdeen avoided comforts and luxuries which he considered non-essential. He had deep faith in God. He believed that when we pray, we move beyond our body, and its material concerns. One becomes a part of cosmos, where wealth, age, caste and creed are not standards for dividing people. Jainulabdeen’s philosophy was that one’s destiny should be vision born out of true knowledge of the self,a nd that fear often prevents one’s hopes being fulfilled. Kalam was greatly influenced by his father’s philosophy.
When Kalam was very young his father put his philosophy into practice. He decided to build a sail boat t ferry pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanuskodi and back. The wooden boat was built on the sea shore; timber was seasoned over wood fires to make hull and bulkheads. When the boat was ready Jainulabdeen started a brisk business. After few days, a severe cyclone struck the Rameshwaram coast. The strong winds wrecked Jainulabdeen’s boat. But Jainulabdeen was not at all distressed. He bore his loss with composure. Instead of worrying about his loss, he was more concerned about a greater tragedy caused by the gale. The Pambam Bridge has collapsed during the cyclonic storm, when a train full of passengers was crossing over it.
Kalam learnt both from his father’s attitude and the actual disaster. Kalam who just had experienced the beauty of the sea, now saw its force and uncontrollable energy.
What event influenced the author to move away and study in Schwartz High School? Or Write briefly about the education of Kalam and his becoming an aeronautical engineer. Or Describe how Kalam got educated and grew up into an aeronautical engineer Or Describe about the education of Kalam and the influence on him during his studies?
Kalam in his childhood was influenced by his brother-in-law, Ahmed Jallaluddin who always encouraged him to excel in his education. They talked about scientific discoveries, contemporary writing and literature, medical science and the progress it was making. Kalam’s next influence was Manickam, a militant nationalist, who wanted to fight for Independence by means other than the Gandhian way of non-violence. Manickam had a personal library and Kalam visited there to borrow books and always he encouraged Kalam to read. Kalam’s cousin, Samsuddin, who was the only distributor for newspapers in Rameshwaram was his next influence.
Kalam’s real education started with his mother, his father and later with Jallaluddin and his Brahmin friends and teachers in his childhood. The orthodox, peaceful life of Rameshwaram greatly educated him. His early education was at local school. In 1939, when Kalam was eight year old, World War – II was over. Freedom from British Rule seemed imminent for Indians. Mahatma Gandhi declared that Indians would build their own India. The whole country was filled with optimism. The optimism affected Kalam too and he asked his father’s consent to leave Rameshwaram and to study in Ramanathapuram. Kalam’s father readily agreed to send him saying that going away was a part of growing up. He also said that their love would not bind Kalam nor would their needs hold him. Hence Kalam accompanied by Samsuddin and Ahmed Jallaluddin reached Ramanathapuram and was admitted in Schwartz High School. Despite his homesickness, Kalam was determined to settle down in the new environment to fulfill the giant hopes of his father about his success. The power of positive thinking made him to join in Schwartz High School.
At Schwartz High School, one of Kalam’s teachers Iyaduri Solomon was his guide and mentor. He raised Kalams’s self esteem and self confidence. Kalam completed his intermediate and graduation at St. Joseph’s College at Tiruchinapalli. Rev Father TN Sequeira, Rev.Father Kalalthil and Kalam’s room mates, one an Othodox Brahmin and the other a Syrian Christian influenced Kalam and shaped him. He developed a keen interest in physics. Though physics was Kalam’s fascinating subject, he needed to take Engineering to tealise his dreams. So, he applied and got admission in Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). His sister, Zohra mortgaged her bangles and chain to help Kalam out. Kalam was deeply touched seeing her determination to educate him. He strongly decided to get good marks so that he could get a scholarship. Kalam was very interested in aeronautics and flying machines when he was in MIT. The two dummy flying machines in the premises, the great lecturers he had and the sincere principal of the MIT greatly helped him in becoming an aeronautical engineer. Professor Sponder, KAV Pandalai and Narasingha Rao moulded him. Their great teaching gentle advice further prompted his already kindled desire to pursue aeronautical engineering. They made him think scientifically and prove mathematically. Prof. Srinivasam taught him to maintain standards to be second to none and to keep deadlines.
After completing his education at MIT, Kalam went to HAL in Bangalore for practical training. Kalam’s respect and administration for his teacher, his single minded pursuit of his course made him emerge as a full-fledged aeronautical engineer.
What was the important lesson that Iyadurai Solomon taught the author?
Iyadurai Solomon was an ideal guide and mentor of Kalam. He was broadminded and he made his students feel comfortable in class. He made Kalam realize that one could exercise enormous influence over the events of one’s own life. One should have the intense desire to make anything happen. He also said that with faith one can change their destiny. This lesson came to be true in Kalam’s life. Whenever Kalam saw the sky in his childhood he was always fascinated by its mysteries. He was equally fascinated by flight of clouds. Then itself he decided that he too would fly one day. His dream was fulfilled in later years and he became the first child from Rameswaram to fly.
Iyadurai Solomon instilled in children a sense of their own worth. He raised Kalam’s self-esteem and convinced him, a child of parents who had no benefits of a good education that he too could aspire to become whatever he wished. Hence Kalam was confident and determined to succeed. No doubt, Solomon was a great author to become a great person.
What was the emphasis in the interview at the Air-force Selection Board? What do you understand from the way the author dealt with failing the interview?
After his education at MIT, Kalam went as a trainee to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at Bangalore. He completed his practical training at HAL and emerged as a full-fledged engineer. Kalam, very soon had two different opportunities for employment. One was a career in the Indian Air Force (IAF), the other a job at the Directorate of Technical Development and Production, of the Ministry of Defense. He applied for both and was called at interview at both places almost simultaneously. The interview by the air-force recruitment authority was at Dehradun and interview by DTD & P (air) was at New Delhi.
Kalam traveled to the north for the first time and he enjoyed his journey. He wondered at the beauty of Indian landscape and the vastness of India. The questions asked at the interview at New Delhi were routine and Kalam didn’t have to exercise his brain greately. Kalam was confident that he would be selected. But interview at DehraDun was entirely different. The Selection Board laid emphasis on personality and communication skill. Kalam was nervous and tense and hence could not do well at interview. He stood ninth in the batch of 25 candidates. But only eight officers were selected for IAF and Kalam was disappointed.
Kalam traveled t Rishikesh to soothe his mind. Richkehs was apeaceful pilgrimage centr. He met Swamy Sivananda whose advice soothed his feelings. The Swamy advised Kalam to accept his destiny and to go ahead with his life as he was not destined to become a pilot. Actually Kalam’s destiny was not revealed yet and hence Swamy advised him to forget his failure and think of it as a step that will lead him to his pre-destined path. Swamy’s advice made Kalam to recollect his father’s similar advice and he decided to take what fate offered.
Kalam got appointment as a Senior Scientific Assistant at DTD&P. he did not feel any bitterness or resentment at his failure to enter IAF. He realized that though he was helping not flying aeroplanes, he was helping to make them airworthy.
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Wings of Fire
(An Autobiography) –A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Describe briefly the place of Abdul Kalam’s birth. (Or) Narrate the childhood of Abdul Kalam with a brief review of the things and persons that influenced him in his childhood (or) Narrate Kalam’s childhood and the influences of Kalam during his childhood.
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a middle class Tamil family in the island town of Rameshwaram in Oct 15, 1931. His parents Ashiamma and Jainulabdeen were widely regarded as the ideal couple. Rameshwaram was a part of Madras state, in British India. Dr Kalam lived in their ancestral house, built of limestone and brick which was a fairly huge house, situated in Rameshwaram’s Mosque Street. Rameshwaram was sacred to pilgrims because of the famous Shiva Temple. It was a sacred Hindu pilgrimage town.
As per the epic Ramayana, Rameshwaram is the place from where Rama sent his attack on Ravana. Every year Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam Ceremony was held there. Kalam’s family used to arrange the boats to carry idols from the temple to the marriage site, situated in the middle of the Rama Tirtha Pond. Hindus and Muslims lived friendly as neighbours. Kalam grew up imbibing both the cultures and religions. The people of Rameshwaram were religious, cultured and gentle.
Rameshwaram was a peaceful town where Hindus Muslims mingled closely, and discussed together on social and religious matters. Kalam learnt many things in his childhood hearing the discussions of his father and Lakshmana Sastry. Kalam’s father and Lakhmana Sastry were good friends. Both of them in their traditional attire discussed spiritual matters. Though their modes of worship were different, their thinking was similar. The small society of Rameshwaram was highly satisfied stratified and quite rigid about the segregation of different social groups. Though sometimes, some Brahmins were inherent towards Kalam, in general he was treated very well.
No doubt, Rameshwaram was a pilgrimage town and fishing locality but, it did not have any good schools or colleges to boast of. So Kalam had to go to study in Ramanathpuram, a much larger town. Inspite of such minor inconveniences Rameshwaram was quite a comfortable and peaceful town during Kalam’s childhood. Kalam feels sorry for leaving such a peaceful town. Kalam was forced to stay at. Ramanathapuram, which lacked the harmony of Rameswaram but ironically, the destiny, swept him away from the home of his childhood.
How did the cyclone that struck the Rameswaram coast affect the author’s family business? How did they deal with the situation?
Kalam,s father Jainulabdeen was wise and he possessed a truly generous spirit. His father was neither educated nor very rich. He lived frugally according to his austere principles. Jainulabdeen avoided comforts and luxuries which he considered non-essential. He had deep faith in God. He believed that when we pray, we move beyond our body, and its material concerns. One becomes a part of cosmos, where wealth, age, caste and creed are not standards for dividing people. Jainulabdeen’s philosophy was that one’s destiny should be vision born out of true knowledge of the self,a nd that fear often prevents one’s hopes being fulfilled. Kalam was greatly influenced by his father’s philosophy.
When Kalam was very young his father put his philosophy into practice. He decided to build a sail boat t ferry pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanuskodi and back. The wooden boat was built on the sea shore; timber was seasoned over wood fires to make hull and bulkheads. When the boat was ready Jainulabdeen started a brisk business. After few days, a severe cyclone struck the Rameshwaram coast. The strong winds wrecked Jainulabdeen’s boat. But Jainulabdeen was not at all distressed. He bore his loss with composure. Instead of worrying about his loss, he was more concerned about a greater tragedy caused by the gale. The Pambam Bridge has collapsed during the cyclonic storm, when a train full of passengers was crossing over it.
Kalam learnt both from his father’s attitude and the actual disaster. Kalam who just had experienced the beauty of the sea, now saw its force and uncontrollable energy.
What event influenced the author to move away and study in Schwartz High School? Or Write briefly about the education of Kalam and his becoming an aeronautical engineer. Or Describe how Kalam got educated and grew up into an aeronautical engineer Or Describe about the education of Kalam and the influence on him during his studies?
Kalam in his childhood was influenced by his brother-in-law, Ahmed Jallaluddin who always encouraged him to excel in his education. They talked about scientific discoveries, contemporary writing and literature, medical science and the progress it was making. Kalam’s next influence was Manickam, a militant nationalist, who wanted to fight for Independence by means other than the Gandhian way of non-violence. Manickam had a personal library and Kalam visited there to borrow books and always he encouraged Kalam to read. Kalam’s cousin, Samsuddin, who was the only distributor for newspapers in Rameshwaram was his next influence.
Kalam’s real education started with his mother, his father and later with Jallaluddin and his Brahmin friends and teachers in his childhood. The orthodox, peaceful life of Rameshwaram greatly educated him. His early education was at local school. In 1939, when Kalam was eight year old, World War – II was over. Freedom from British Rule seemed imminent for Indians. Mahatma Gandhi declared that Indians would build their own India. The whole country was filled with optimism. The optimism affected Kalam too and he asked his father’s consent to leave Rameshwaram and to study in Ramanathapuram. Kalam’s father readily agreed to send him saying that going away was a part of growing up. He also said that their love would not bind Kalam nor would their needs hold him. Hence Kalam accompanied by Samsuddin and Ahmed Jallaluddin reached Ramanathapuram and was admitted in Schwartz High School. Despite his homesickness, Kalam was determined to settle down in the new environment to fulfill the giant hopes of his father about his success. The power of positive thinking made him to join in Schwartz High School.
At Schwartz High School, one of Kalam’s teachers Iyaduri Solomon was his guide and mentor. He raised Kalams’s self esteem and self confidence. Kalam completed his intermediate and graduation at St. Joseph’s College at Tiruchinapalli. Rev Father TN Sequeira, Rev.Father Kalalthil and Kalam’s room mates, one an Othodox Brahmin and the other a Syrian Christian influenced Kalam and shaped him. He developed a keen interest in physics. Though physics was Kalam’s fascinating subject, he needed to take Engineering to tealise his dreams. So, he applied and got admission in Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). His sister, Zohra mortgaged her bangles and chain to help Kalam out. Kalam was deeply touched seeing her determination to educate him. He strongly decided to get good marks so that he could get a scholarship. Kalam was very interested in aeronautics and flying machines when he was in MIT. The two dummy flying machines in the premises, the great lecturers he had and the sincere principal of the MIT greatly helped him in becoming an aeronautical engineer. Professor Sponder, KAV Pandalai and Narasingha Rao moulded him. Their great teaching gentle advice further prompted his already kindled desire to pursue aeronautical engineering. They made him think scientifically and prove mathematically. Prof. Srinivasam taught him to maintain standards to be second to none and to keep deadlines.
After completing his education at MIT, Kalam went to HAL in Bangalore for practical training. Kalam’s respect and administration for his teacher, his single minded pursuit of his course made him emerge as a full-fledged aeronautical engineer.
What was the important lesson that Iyadurai Solomon taught the author?
Iyadurai Solomon was an ideal guide and mentor of Kalam. He was broadminded and he made his students feel comfortable in class. He made Kalam realize that one could exercise enormous influence over the events of one’s own life. One should have the intense desire to make anything happen. He also said that with faith one can change their destiny. This lesson came to be true in Kalam’s life. Whenever Kalam saw the sky in his childhood he was always fascinated by its mysteries. He was equally fascinated by flight of clouds. Then itself he decided that he too would fly one day. His dream was fulfilled in later years and he became the first child from Rameswaram to fly.
Iyadurai Solomon instilled in children a sense of their own worth. He raised Kalam’s self-esteem and convinced him, a child of parents who had no benefits of a good education that he too could aspire to become whatever he wished. Hence Kalam was confident and determined to succeed. No doubt, Solomon was a great author to become a great person.
What was the emphasis in the interview at the Air-force Selection Board? What do you understand from the way the author dealt with failing the interview?
After his education at MIT, Kalam went as a trainee to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at Bangalore. He completed his practical training at HAL and emerged as a full-fledged engineer. Kalam, very soon had two different opportunities for employment. One was a career in the Indian Air Force (IAF), the other a job at the Directorate of Technical Development and Production, of the Ministry of Defense. He applied for both and was called at interview at both places almost simultaneously. The interview by the air-force recruitment authority was at Dehradun and interview by DTD & P (air) was at New Delhi.
Kalam traveled to the north for the first time and he enjoyed his journey. He wondered at the beauty of Indian landscape and the vastness of India. The questions asked at the interview at New Delhi were routine and Kalam didn’t have to exercise his brain greately. Kalam was confident that he would be selected. But interview at DehraDun was entirely different. The Selection Board laid emphasis on personality and communication skill. Kalam was nervous and tense and hence could not do well at interview. He stood ninth in the batch of 25 candidates. But only eight officers were selected for IAF and Kalam was disappointed.
Kalam traveled t Rishikesh to soothe his mind. Richkehs was apeaceful pilgrimage centr. He met Swamy Sivananda whose advice soothed his feelings. The Swamy advised Kalam to accept his destiny and to go ahead with his life as he was not destined to become a pilot. Actually Kalam’s destiny was not revealed yet and hence Swamy advised him to forget his failure and think of it as a step that will lead him to his pre-destined path. Swamy’s advice made Kalam to recollect his father’s similar advice and he decided to take what fate offered.
Kalam got appointment as a Senior Scientific Assistant at DTD&P. he did not feel any bitterness or resentment at his failure to enter IAF. He realized that though he was helping not flying aeroplanes, he was helping to make them airworthy.
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