tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22641993365580777752024-03-04T21:55:16.805-08:00KNOWLEDGEABLEThis blog is very helpful to B Tech students and MBA & MCA Students of JNTU. It is purely the blog related to the Technical English language. Few general topics are also posted which will be helpful to the students.TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.comBlogger183125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-16487331814586994202017-03-15T02:41:00.002-07:002017-03-15T02:41:31.264-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The Health Threats of Climate Change<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Health Impacts of Climate Change<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Changes in the greenhouse gas concentrations and other drivers alter the global climate and bring about myriad human health consequences. Environmental consequences of climate change are such as extreme heat waves, rising sea-levels, changes in precipitation resulting in flooding and droughts, intense hurricanes, and degraded air quality, affect directly and indirectly the physical, social, and psychological health of humans. For instance, changes in precipitation are creating changes in the availability and quantity of water, as well as resulting in extreme weather events such as intense hurricanes and flooding. Climate change can be a driver of disease migration, as well as exacerbate health effects resulting from the release of toxic air pollutants in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with asthma or cardiovascular disease.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Certain adverse health effects can be minimized or avoided with sound mitigation and adaptation strategies. Strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change can prevent illness and death in people now, while also protecting the environment and health of future generations. Mitigation refers to actions being taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance the sinks that trap or remove carbon from the atmosphere. Adaptation refers to actions being taken to lessen the impact on health and the environment due to changes that cannot be prevented through mitigation. Appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies will positively affect both climate change and the environment, and thereby positively affect human health. Some adaptation activities will directly improve human health through changes in our public health and health care infrastructure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Health Impacts<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Climate change is expected to affect air quality through several pathways, including production and allergenicity of allergens and increase regional concentrations of ozone, fine particles, and dust. Some of these pollutants can directly cause respiratory disease or exacerbate existing conditions in susceptible populations, such as children or the elderly. Some of the impacts that climate change can have on air quality include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increase ground level ozone and fine particle concentrations, which can trigger a variety of reactions including chest pains, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion, as well as reduce lung function and cause inflammation of the lungs<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increase carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures, thereby affecting the timing of aeroallergen distribution and amplifying the allergenicity of pollen and mold spores<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increase the frequency of droughts, leading to increased dust and particulate matter<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Adaptation and Mitigation<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Mitigating short-lived contamination species that both air pollutants and green house gases, such as ozone or black carbon. Examples include urban tree covers or rooftop gardens in urban settings<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Decreasing the use of vehicle miles traveled to reduce ozone precursors<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Utilizing alternative transportation options, such as walking or biking, which have the co-benefit of reducing emissions while increasing cardiovascular fitness and contributing to weight loss. However, these activities also have the potential to increase exposure to harmful outdoor air pollutants, particularly in urban areas.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can cause heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke, and death, as well as exacerbate pre existing chronic conditions, such as various respiratory, cerebral, and cardiovascular diseases. These serious health consequences usually affect more vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with existing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Socioeconomic factors, such as economically disadvantaged and socially isolated individuals, are also at risk from heat-related burdens. As global temperatures rise and extreme heat events increase in frequency due to climate change we can expect to see more heat-related illnesses and mortality. Public health systems need to be prepared for extreme events and responses will demand a concerted effort among the public health community, the medical establishment, emergency responses teams, the housing authority, and law enforcement in order to quickly identify and serve the populations vulnerable to extreme heat events.<u1:p></u1:p></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Health Impacts<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increased temperatures and increase in extreme heat events cause heat exhausting, heat stroke, and death, especially in vulnerable populations.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>High concentrations of buildings in urban areas cause urban heat island effect, generation and absorbing heat, making the urban center several degrees warmer than surrounding areas.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitigation and Adaptation<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Heat early warning systems and proactive heat wave response plans<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increased air conditioning use<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Decreased time spent outdoors during extreme heat events<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Increased use of sun-shielding clothing<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Vector borne Diseases<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Vector borne diseases are infectious diseases whose transmission involves animal hosts or vectors. Vector borne diseases, such as malaria, are those in which an organism, typically insects, ticks, or mites, carry a pathogen from one host to another, generally with increased harmfulness (virulence) of the pathogen in the vector. Vector borne diseases that are found in warmer climates and vulnerable due to global trade and travel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Health Impacts<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Vector borne<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>diseases through pathogen-host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitigation and Adaptation<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to influence local ecological environment, thereby altering the life cycles of certain disease vectors and animals <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Preserving forests and wetlands to affect ecology and transmission cycles <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Developing and implementing early warning systems to reduce exposure to environmental hazards and limit susceptibility in exposed populations<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The Chief Software Architect<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bill Gates is an American business magnate and computer programmer who is the co-founder of Microsoft, the world’s largest PC software company. Since the company’s formation in 1975, Gates has held several positions including those of the chairman, CEO and chief software architect. One of the most famous entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution, he has been consistently ranked among the world’s wealthiest people starting from 1987. Born as the son of a successful lawyer, Bill Gates was encouraged from a young age to be competitive. Bright and curious, he developed an interest in computers while in school and wrote his first computer program as a young teenager. After completing his schooling, he enrolled at the prestigious Harvard College though he did not stay there long enough to complete his studies. He dropped out to pursue his passion in computers and teamed up with Paul Allen, a former schoolmate, to form Microsoft. The company proved to be highly successful and within years Gates became an internationally known entrepreneur. Currently the wealthiest person in the world, he is a renowned philanthropist who along with his wife has created the charity organization "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation”. He has also authored and co-authored several books.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Childhood & Early Life:<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Born as William Henry Bill Gates III on October 28, 1955, he is the son of William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His father was a prominent lawyer while his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate Bank System and the United Way. He has two sisters. He studied at the Lakeside School where he developed an interest in computing. He was just 13 when he wrote his first software program on the school’s computer and by the time he was in high school he, along with some of his friends, had computerized their school’s payroll system.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">His future business collaborator, Paul Allen, was a senior at Lakeside. At the age of 17, Gates teamed up with Allen to form a venture called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. He graduated from high school in 1973. He was a National Merit Scholar and scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT. He enrolled at Harvard College later the same year. As a college student he spent a lot of time on the computers though he was not much interested in studying other subjects. His friend Allen suggested that Bill drop out of college to start a business.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Career:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bill Gates and Paul Allen collaborated to found Microsoft (initially called Micro-Soft) in 1975. In the beginning they adapted BASIC, a popular programming language for use on microcomputers. It proved to be a success and they continued to develop programming language software for various systems. In 1980, the duo was approached by International Business Machine (IBM) with a proposal that Microsoft write the BASIC interpreter for IBM’s upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft created the PC DOS operating system which they delivered to IBM in exchange for a one-time fee of $50,000. Soon Microsoft’s operating systems became very popular and the company introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS. Over the following years Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer market acquiring over 90% market share. The company saw phenomenal financial success, and being the company’s largest individual shareholder, Bill Gates amassed a great fortune. Microsoft introduced Microsoft Office in 1989. The package integrated several applications like Microsoft Word and Excel into one system that was compatible with all Microsoft products. The success of MS Office gave Microsoft a virtual monopoly on operating systems for PCs. In the mid 1990s when the use of the internet spread throughout the globe at an alarming speed, Gates focused Microsoft on the development of consumer and enterprise software solutions for the Internet. Windows CE operating system platform and the Microsoft Network were among the innovative solutions developed during this time. In January 2000, Gates stepped down as Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft though he retained his position as chairman. He created the new position of Chief Software Architect for himself. Over the next few years he gradually transferred his duties to others at Microsoft and started spending more time in philanthropic works. He stepped down as Chairman of Microsoft in February 2014, and currently serves as technology advisor to support CEO Satya Nadella.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Major Works:<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bill Gates is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft, the multinational technology company which is today considered one of the world's most valuable companies. It is the world’s largest software maker measured by revenues<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Awards & Achievements:<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In 2002, Bill and Melinda Gates received the Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged. Gates received the Bower Award for Business Leadership from The Franklin Institute in 2010 in recognition of his achievements at Microsoft and his philanthropic work. Bill and Melinda Gates jointly received India’s third highest civilian honor Padma Bhushan in 2015 for their foundation's philanthropic activities in India.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Philanthropic Works:<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> In 1999, he donated US$20 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the construction of a computer laboratory which was named the “William H. Gates Building” in his honor. Along with his wife, Melinda, Bill Gates formed the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF or the Gates Foundation) in 2000. It is the largest private foundation in the world and aims to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty worldwide. In 2010, Gates along with fellow billionaire investors Warren Buffett, and Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg signed the “Gates-Buffet Giving Pledge”, committing to donate at least half of their wealth over the course of time to charity.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-75468031309202321332017-03-15T02:40:00.000-07:002017-03-15T02:40:41.313-07:00THE LOTTERY, THE HEALTH THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, THE CHIEF SOFTWARE ARCHITECT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Lottery<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Throughout
history, certain traditions and rituals have been able to dictate human
behavior, even to the point where the person loses their sense of morality.
Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” tells us the story of a small, American town,
set in the former half of the 20th century. On the outside, this settlement
seems quite normal. It had roughly three hundred people, most of whom were
farmers. The postmaster, Mr. Graves, was the leader of the town, seconded only
by Mr. Summers, who owned the local coal business. However, despite the quaint
atmosphere, this deceptively tranquil village has a single unscrupulous
blemish. Every year, on the 27th of June, a lottery is held in the town.
Despite the connotation, winning this lottery renders the individual far from
fortunate. This lottery, in which every town member must participate,
determines which person will be stoned by his fellow residents. This horrendous
action is the result of a ritual which had been integrated into the society
during previous generations. The townspeople had long since forgotten the
significance, most of the details, and original intent of this ritual. They
only remembered that every June 27th, they were to hold a lottery for the whole
town, and brutally murder the winner.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perhaps one of the most
powerful attributes of tradition is its ability to induce obstinacy among its
followers. Throughout the inhabitants of the town were unwilling to change even
the slightest detail involving the lottery. When Mr. Summers suggested using a
new box, due to the fact that the current one had deteriorated greatly, the
citizens adamantly refused, because the box was supposedly made with pieces of
the original box that was used when the first settlers of the town inhabited
the region. Even in its weathered condition, this black box was a symbol to the
town of the impending doom which awaited one unlucky individual every year. The
townspeople were also very reluctant to switch from wooden blocks to paper
slips as means of drawing for the lottery. However, with much persistence from
Mr. Summers, the townspeople eventually conceded, because the town had grown
too large for each piece of wood to fit in the box. The townspeople were also
unyielding in the proceedings of choosing the lottery slip. Only on the rarest
of occasions was a woman allowed to choose the slip for her family; it was
customarily the job of the husband, or a son who was of age. This is
demonstrated when Jane Dunbar’s husband was unable to attend the lottery due to
a broken leg. It was very apparent that Jane felt out of place when she was
drawing her ticket. The Watson family was fortunate enough to have a son who
was old enough to draw for his father. The crowd favored this much more than a
woman drawing, as they told Jack “Glad to see your mother’s got a man to do
it.” The villagers were also very stubborn that the lottery remains a tradition
in the community. The lottery had become so ingrained into their culture that
they those who did not practice it to be uncivilized. Old Man Warner compared
abolishing the lottery with living in caves and refusing to work. The
surrounding villages which chose to end the lottery were referred to as a “pack
of young fools” by him as well. Old Man Warner represents the most devout
followers of a tradition. Though they do not seek leadership positions, they
are resolute that if things have been practiced a certain way for a long period
of time, then these thing ought not to be changed. Old Man Warner was upset
with the fact that Mr. Summers was being jovial with the residents as they
selected their lottery slip, because he believed that it was inappropriate for
the lottery to not be held in an austere manner. He was also irritated with
Nancy Hutchinson’s friends’ apprehension at the thought of her being the
winner. Mercy and compassion clearly had no placed in the lottery.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The second, and most
noticeable trait of this ritual, is its dehumanizing effect. The winner of this
lottery is stoned by his own town. Friends and family show extreme callousness
as they join the bloodthirsty crowd to stone one of their own. Moments before
the lottery began, Mrs. Hutchinson had a friendly chat with Mrs. Delacroix.
However, when Mrs. Hutchinson had been declared winner of the lottery, all
previous illusions of friendship between the two had been erased. Mrs.
Delacroix was sprinting towards her with the largest stone she could find,
excited to have the chance to slaughter one who, just the day before, she would
have called friend. As disturbing as this may be, it is not nearly as unnerving
as the betrayal among family members. It is clear that these families had no
love for one another. Rather, they saw each other simply as pawns which would
reduce the likelihood of their being chosen at the lottery. Mr. Hutchinson’s
final words to his wife were “Shut up, Tessie”. Mrs. Hutchinson, when she sees
the possibility of herself being chosen, immediately tries to lessen her
chances by asking that her married daughter choose as well. Her children,
rather than expressing dismay over her imminent death, show pure jubilation
when they see that their lives are spared. Towards the end of the story,
children and adults alike join in stoning Mrs. Hutchinson. Even Little Dave,
who may have been as young as five years old, was given pebbles to throw at his
mother. This shows the desensitizing of murder which to town implants in the
youth. From the time they can walk, kids were taught to join in the slaying of
a human being, whether it was someone who they didn’t know, or a member of
their own family.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This short story
illustrates how tradition has the power to influence our lives in such a way
that we lose the ability to know what is right and wrong. These people were
conditioned to murder one person each year, simply because it was the way
things had always been done. While there are also favorable aspects of ritual,
they are not depicted in the short story. Jackson clearly strived to show the
reader how dangerous tradition can be.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-42572511602380433062017-03-09T09:25:00.002-08:002017-03-09T09:25:45.277-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://bhashyameng.blogspot.in/2017/01/i-btech-ii-sem-english-material.html"><span style="color: #521e00; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">I. B.Tech II Sem
English Material</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">The Greatest Resource –
Education</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">Ernst Friedrich Schumacher
(1911 – 1977) was an influential economist-philosopher and systems thinker.
“The Greatest Resource – Education” is extracted from his book</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;">“Small
Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered”. </span>He talks about
education as our greatest resource: when it deals with and gives answers to the
deeper questions about who we are and what our place is in this universe, then
education is our greatest resource.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schumacher starts out by indicating that people
usually look at education as the answer or the key to all kinds of problems or
challenges. Men have lived and multiplied wherever they have found their
means of living on every part of the earth. They have built great civilizations
in the course of time and have disappeared and have become a cause for new
civilizations that have arisen as a new form of cultures. The fact is that it
is the man who is the primary resource for all the economic development but not
the nature on this planet. The key factor of all this development is the sudden
outburst of men’s daring, initiative, invention and constructive activity in
all fields at once. It is strengthened through education which is the most
significant of all resources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> No civilization has ever
flourished without organized education. We believe that education is the
residual legatee of all our problems. Strong and better education would
bring solution to all our problems such as nuclear dangers, new abuses of
genetic engineering and the new temptations of commercialism. As the modern
life is becoming more complex, it is the need for everyone to become more
highly educated or we ourselves could vanish from this planet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> It is evident
that the global situation at present calls for prodigious educational efforts.
Education is a means of prosperity. Hence, we must educate ourselves or we
shall be destroyed. Sir Charles Snow talked about two cultures which had
greater impact on our lives. According to him, the two cultures are two polar
groups… one pole is the literary intellectuals and the other the scientists. He
deplores that there is a big gap between these two groups. He wanted this gap
should be bridged. It could be to get world-class scientists and professionals
to research high-class design and development. Later, many of the other
scientists, engineers, politicians, administrators and the entire community
should be trained to have a social sense what the scientists are mentioning.
Lord Snow tells that the scientists are never exhausted to explain the fruits
of their research and innovation is ‘neutral’. It depends on how the humanity
makes use of it for their enrichment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> E. F. Schumacher
points out that modern people face many problems thrust upon them by the
advancement of science and technology. So, there must be strong education to
cope with these problems. Science and Engineering produce ‘know-how’, but the
author says that ‘know-how’ is an unfinished sentence because it has got no
end. Potential education could help to finish the sentence. The purpose of
education should be the transmission of ideas of value and of what to do with
our lives. It could be foolhardy to put great powers into the hands of
unreasonable people. The whole mankind would be in mortal danger if we tend to
uses science and technological knowhow destructively without wisdom. More
education could only fill the ignorant minds with wisdom. We are no doubt the
inheritors of ‘Dark Ages’ and it is only our mental make-up could pave the way
for better life on this beautiful earth.<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">A Dilemma: A Layman Looks at Science</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-1972),</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> lawyer, public servant, and author, was
born in Buffalo, New York, the son of a high school principal.<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> He </span>was a lifetime disciple of
Woodrow Wilson. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Raymond </span>B. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Fosdick </span>in the <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">lesson </span>‘A <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Dilemma<b>: </b>A Layman Looks at
Science’ </span>says <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">that </span>science <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">should </span>be used only for the
constructive purpose and not to be aimed at the
degeneration of the society. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">August </span>6, <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1945, </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">day </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">unfortunate, </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>on <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">which the
atomic bomb was </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">dropped </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>on Hiroshima <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">brought home </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">all </span>of us <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">about </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">the </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">significance </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(or) importance </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">science</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>in human life. Mankind was
frightened by science and bewildered by its enormous power. This instance has
realised the mankind how <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">unequipped </span>we
are in <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">terms </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ethics, </span>law, and government, to know
how to use it. The author says that science is based on truth
and should spring from the <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">noblest
attribute </span>of the human spirit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">are <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">certain
inventions </span>that can evoke both <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">positive </span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">negative </span>responses. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Invention </span>of r<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">adio, </span>automobiles, penicillin, radar and jet propulsions
shall be aimed towards the betterment of the society rather than creating ugliness
and desolation. The gifts of science, the author vehemently feels,
should not blow our civilization into drifting <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">dust.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">The </span>research andTechnology yield right fruits when they are related to human<span style="letter-spacing: -1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">welfare.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Science </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">is the <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">search </span>for
truth. But it is the same <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">search </span>for
truth that has brought our civilization to the brink of destruction. The writer strongly feels
that research <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">shall </span>be <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">subjected </span>to some kind of <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">restraint </span>if it is not linked to
human <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">constructive purpose; </span>it
is really disheartening to read about that leading
scientists associated with atom bomb <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">saying </span>that
one <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">should </span>not
hold back <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">progress because </span>of
fear of misuse of <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fosdick says that some inventions are purely
accidental and the scientists never had any evil intentions while discovering
them. For instance Albert Einestein never thought of atom bomb while working
for his transformation equation in <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">1905. </span>Yet,
from this it has come out one of the principles upon which atom bomb
is based. Similarly sulphur drugs and mustard gas which are offshoots of German
dye industry was not created to deal with either medicine
or weapons of war. Willard Gibbs, was a gentle spirit whose life was
spent in his laboratory at Yale University, had never dreamt that his
research in the mathematical physics might have even a remote relationship to World
War I & II. These <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">discoveries </span>are <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">classic examples </span>where the
gifts of <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">science </span>can be
used by <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">evil men </span>to do
evil <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">even </span>more <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">obviously </span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">dramatically </span>than it can be used by
men of <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">goodwill </span>to do<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The author concludes that the towering enemy of
mankind is not science but war. Science merely reflect the social forces by which it
is surrounded. When there is peace, <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">science </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">constructive </span>and when <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">there </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">war, science </span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">perverted </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">destructive </span>ends. Our problem <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">therefore </span>is not to curb <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">science </span>but to stop war- to
substitute law for force and international government for anarchy in the <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">relations </span>of one <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">nation </span>with <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">another. </span>He feels that our education
should be based on tolerance understanding and creative
intelligence that should run fast enough to put an end to the evil effects of
the science. F<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ormally, </span>Science
must help us <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">but </span>the
decision lies within ourselves ie., the sole responsibility is of
human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural
Environments</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Culture shock tends to be an occupational
disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most
ailments, it has its own symptoms, cause, and cure. Many people have suffered
from it. Some never recovered, and left their field. Some live in a constant
state of such shock. Many recover beautifully. As it will be clear from the
implications of Dr. Oberg’s article, the state of culture shock in which an
individual lives will have great bearing on his temperament and witness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Culture shock happens suddenly by the anxiety
that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social
interaction. These signs are part of our daily life shaking hands, introducing
to people, inviting, suggesting and making purchases with words, gestures,
facial expressions and so on. The customs and norms to which we acquaint as we
grow up are as much part of our culture. It’s also like the language we speak
and beliefs we accept. This discomfort knocks him down and brings frustration
and it can be sure that he is suffering from culture shock. He feels nostalgic
which could only bring him back to reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">According to the author, there are some symptoms
of culture shock. They are excessive washing of hands, excessive concern over
drinking water, food, dishes and bedding. Individuals greatly affected by
culture shock. They cannot live in a foreign country. The author analyses that
there are four stages of culture shock. During the first stage (honeymoon
stage), he is attracted by the new nationals and their polite association, and
he would be pampered and petted. It is a pleasant abroad experience. Slowly,
the individual has to cope with the real conditions of life. It is the second
stage where he becomes hostile and aggressive towards the host country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The hostility grows out of the troubles such as
maid trouble, school trouble, language trouble, house trouble, transportation
trouble and shopping trouble etc… The people of the host country are
indifferent and unsympathetic to his worries. Then he blames the host country joining
with his cocktail countrymen. This is a peculiar habit of an individual in a
negative manner. Later, he succeeds himself to get around and acquaint himself
to the new cultural environment. He is convinced that he has to carry his own
cross in this stage. His attitude gives him confidence to interact and get
around in a new social environment. The individual begins to accept the customs
of new culture as just another way of living in the fourth stage. With a
complete adjustment he begins to enjoy the new customs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The nature of culture shock points out to the
real experiences of the individual on a foreign land. It arises from not
knowing the language, strange customs, the consequent frustrations and
anxieties. He cannot live satisfactory life until he gets over culture shock.
The author says that the wives are more affected by the culture shock than
their husbands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Once the individual learns to respect the new
culture believing that they are one, he feels comfortable. This attitude is
ethnocentrism. This common element brings all nations together and avoids the
differences. It is a simple matter to acquaint oneself with new culture. The
ability to communicate friendly recovers him from culture shock. Understanding
new culture is essential but it does not mean that one has to forget his own
culture. He must be patient, sympathetic and understanding to get over culture
shock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">ABDUL KALAM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr.Avul Pakir
Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October, 1931 at Dhanushkodi in
Rameshwaram district of Tamilnadu. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">He came
from a humble background and started working at an early age to support his
family. After completing school, Dr Kalam distributed newspapers to financially
contribute to his father Jainulabudeen, who was a boat owner.</span> He
did his secondary education at Schwartz high school in Ramanathapuram, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">He studied physics at the St Joseph's College,
Tiruchirappalli, from where he graduated in 1954 and did Aerospace Engineering
at the Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai in 1960.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">After passing out as a
graduate Aeronautical Engineer, Kalam joined Hindustan Aeronautics Limited,
Bangalore as a trainee, and later joined as a Technical assistant in the
directorate of Technical Development and Production of the Ministry of defense. In1960's
Kalam joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Research center at Thumba in Kerala. He
played a major role in developing the first indigenous satellite - launched
vehicle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr
Kalam joined Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a
scientist and started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian
Army. He was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Dr Vikram
Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist. In 1969, he was transferred to the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he was the project director of
India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully
deployed Rohini satellite near earth's orbit in July 1980.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> In 1982, he
rejoined DRDO as director and conceived the integrated Guided Missile
Development Programme (IGMDP) for five indigenous missiles : Nag, Prithvi,
Akash, Trishul and Agni. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">He is popularly
known as the 'Missile Man of India' for his work on the development of
ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He played a pivotal role in
India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998.</span> Dr.APJ. Abdul Kalam has
established an advance technology research center called 'Research Center
Imarat' to undertake development in futuristic missile technology areas. It was
perhaps the most satisfying achievement for Kalam during the missile years. Dr.
Kalam has also served as Principal Scientific Advisor to the government of
India during 25th November 1999-10 November 2001. Later, he quit the job and
took over the job as distinguished professor at Anna University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">On July 25,2002 , Dr
.A.P.J Abdul Kalam was sworn in as the 12th president of India by Chief
Justice of India Shri B.N.Kirpal in central hall of parliament at an impressive
function telecast live across the parliament at an impressive function telecast
live across the country. Dr .Kalam
took the oath in the name of God as a 21 -gun salute boomed in the background. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dr Kalam was the third President to have been honoured
with a Bharat Ratna, before becoming the President, the earlier two were Dr
Sarvapali Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963). He was honoured
with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work
with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Kalam a bachelor is
connoisseur of classical carnatic music. He plays rudra veena in his
leisure. He wrote poetry in Tamil, his mother -tongue. Seventeen of him poems
were translated into English and published in 1994 as a book entitled “My
Journey”. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Among the many books written by
Dr Kalam, few of them are: “Wings of Fire”: An Autobiography in 1999, “Ignited
Minds: Unleashing the Power Within” in 2002. Dr Kalam advocated plans to
develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book “India 2020: A Vision
for the New Millennium” in 1998.</span> He reads the Quran and the
Bhagavad Gita with equal devotion. Dr. Kalam is by no means a miracle man .His
advice to the youth of the nation is to “dream dream and convert these dreams
into thoughts and later into actions”. He also advises people to think big. We
are a nation of a billion people and we must think like a nation of a billion
people. Only then can we become big.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Great Indian physicist Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman, popularly
known as C.V Raman, was born on 7<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">th</span></sup> November,
1888 at Trichirapalli in Tamil Nadu. His father was a physics teacher and so it
was natural that Raman developed love for this subject. He was a brilliant
student from the very beginning. As a brilliant and promising lad, he passed
his matriculation examination at the young age of 12 from Madras University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">His parents wanted to send him England for higher studies but his
poor health did not allow it. He studied at Hindu College, Visakhapatnam and
Presidency College, Madras. He obtained his post-graduation degree in physics
in 1907 with the top position. During his student period he conducted many
researches and published his papers in many reputed magazines. In the same
year, Raman got the first position in the Financial Service Examination and was
appointed as the Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. There he came in
contact with an eminent scientist named Dr. Amritlal Sarkar who was Secretary
of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. This contact with Dr.
Sarkar proved a turning point in the life of this young scientist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">His interest in physics was deep and lasting and so he continued
his research work in his spare time in the laboratory of the Association. He
published his research results in the leading journals of Calcutta, which were
in regard to the subject of propagation of light. These original research
papers were of great scientific significance. When these came to the notice of
the then Vice -Challenger of Calcutta University, Sir Ashutosh Mukharjee, he
appointed him Professor of physics in the University. During his stay at the
University he continued his research with much more devotion and won immense
honour and recognition as a physicist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was elected the Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1924.
He discovered the “Raman Effect” in 1928. For it he was awarded the Nobel Prize
for Physics in 1930. He became the first Indian to win this prestigious honour.
With this award, his reputation increased by leaps and bounds and many
Universities and institutions of repute honoured him with Ph D and D.Sc.
degrees. In December, 1927 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for demonstrating
that the nature of X-rays undergoes a change when passed through a matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">This effect came to be known as the “Compton Effect.” Encouraged
by this discovery, Raman continued his experiments and ultimately proved that
light rays can also be scattered. His discovery enabled for the first time, the
mapping of possible levels of energy gains of molecules and atoms of a substance
and thus discovered their molecules and atomic structure. This discovery of the
scattering of light led to the development of a simple alternative to infra-red
spectroscopy, namely, Raman Spectroscopy. He also gave us the scientific
explanation for the blue colour of the sky and the ocean. He explained that the
blue color of the ocean was as a result of the scattering of sunlight by the
molecules of the water. He travelled widely abroad delivering lectures about
his discoveries and researches. In 1933 he became the Director of the Indian
Institute of Sciences, Bangalore. In 1943 he founded the Raman Research
Institute at Bangalore. He was knighted in 1927. He was awarded the Bharat
Ratna in 1954 and the International Lenin Prize in 1957.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Homi Jehangir Bhabha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Homi
Jehangir Bhabha was a multifaceted personality -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">scientist, visionary
and institution builder</span></i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">. He
was born on October 30, 1909 in an illustrious family with a long tradition of
learning and service to the country. Bhabha was exposed to fine arts, music and
painting, which moulded his artistic traits.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha
was intelligent, hard working and sincere student. After finishing schooling,
Bhabha’s parents sent him to Cambridge University, UK for higher education in
mechanical engineering. After completing his degree in 1932, Bhabha continued
his research at Cambridge University. His first paper appeared in 1934, based
on theoretical explanation of shower production in cosmic rays. His name is
associated with Bhabha scattering, which involves relativistic exchange
scattering of electrons and Bhabha-Heitler theory, dealing with production of
electron and positron showers in cosmic rays. Thus, it was no surprise
that at a young age of 31, he was elected as a fellow of the Royal
Society, London. Bhabha rubbed shoulders with great physicists like Bohr,
Pauli, Dirac, Cockcroft and others, who later became Noble</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="background: #FFFFEA;">Laureates.
This period was crucial for Bhabha for capacity building and leadership
qualities.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha
was on vacation during 1939, when the second world war broke out and he
could not go back abroad to continue his research. He then joined Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore as a Reader in Department of Physics, headed by
Sir C. V. Raman and set up a cosmic ray research unit. Raman had great
admiration for Bhabha and at Nagpur Indian Academy meeting in 1941, while
introducing Bhabha, he said</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">“Bhabha is a great lover of music, a gifted artist,
a brilliant engineer and an outstanding scientist. He is the modern equivalent
of Leonardo da Vinci”</span></i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">.</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: #FFFFEA;"> </span></span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It was from Bangalore
in 1944, Bhabha wrote his historical letter to the Tata trust for support
in setting up a centre for research work in nuclear science, which could
play a central role in the development of nuclear energy. There was a clear
similarity in vision between the great Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata and Bhabha
with respect to the need for education, scientific research and human resource
development for economic prosperity. Subsequently, in 1945 Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research (TIFR) was formed and large scale research in physics,
chemistry, electronics and mathematics commenced. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha
was instrumental for the formation of Atomic Energy Commission in 1948 and the
Department of Atomic Energy in 1954 and he chalked out a focussed research and
minerals exploration programmes for nuclear energy. He was such a visionary
that he had realized the importance of nuclear power programme way back in
1950s and enunciated a three stage nuclear programme so as to meet the energy
security of the nation. It consisted of utilization of natural uranium,
plutonium and abundant thorium resources in thermal, fast and advanced nuclear
reactors with closed fuel cycle. He also had balanced perspective on the
role of other energy resources such as coal, oil and solar. A significant
factor that contributed for the growth of nuclear sciences and its applications
was Bhabha's rapport with the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, who
reposed complete confidence in him. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="background: #FFFFEA;">This was possible because
Bhabha had the deserving credentials and his passion matched with Nehru’s
vision of modern India. There was a great synergy in thinking between Nehru and
Bhabha with respect to industrialization and scientific research,
evolving hand-in-hand.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha
gave utmost importance to the development of quality human resources. The
commencement and continuation of BARC Training School for the scientific
manpower over the last 50 years is a real tribute to Bhabha’s foresight on
quality manpower. Bhabha, a person of perfection, purpose and excellence,
ensured these qualities in all his endeavours viz., research, management, buildings
and environment. His total conviction, never-accepting mediocrity, never
compromising on excellence, meeting the challenges head-on with confidence made
him a unique personality. Bhabha was a great scientific manager and followed
the mantra of right man for the right job.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha
had received many prestigious national and international awards and
recognitions. In 1954, he was conferred with Padma Bhushan award for
outstanding contributions to nuclear science. In 1955, he was elected as the
President of the first International Conference on the</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">'Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy'</span></i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">, organized
by the UN at Geneva.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">At a
young age of 56, Bhabha suddenly passed away in 1966 due to a plane crash in
Switzerland.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A vibrant and robust
organization, that he had left behind with many signal achievements in
nuclear science and technology as well as a dedicated and talented pool of
human resources, bears testimony to the visionary zeal of Bhabha. His
life was an example for all of us, which stood for</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">‘deserve,
desire and demonstrate’</span></i><span style="background: #FFFFEA;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Message
for youth</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 234); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bhabha’s
life is an example of pursuing individual passion with a national perspective
and purpose. If he chose, he could have gone abroad after the Second World War
and pursued his scientific research and perhaps, could have even won Noble
prize in physics. But, he chose to stay back to serve the country. He
channelized all his scientific pursuits to develop scientific institutes with
an aim to serve the society. He blended his individual vision and passion with
that of the Country. Today, we have world class institutes and the
Departments like Atomic Energy and Space, thanks to Bhabha’s foresight and
vision. Thus, his life message to all of us is</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ‘do pursue the passion of your life but
with a vector or direction of serving the country and making it proud with your
contributions’.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">What happens if you take
a rich magistrate's son and make him learn in a village school sitting besides
the sons of servants and fishermen? He'll hear tales of birds and animals that
make him curious about Nature. And that makes him one of India's first
scientists - Jagdish Chandra Bose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Botanist and physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose was
born in Mymensingh, India (now in Bangladesh)on November 30, 1858. He was
educated first at the village school in Faridpur, where his father was a
magistrate, Bhagwan Chandra Bose. Later he migrated to St. Xavier’s
College, Calcutta at the age of thirteen. There he met Father Eugene
Lafont, who was very interested in promoting modern science in India. He later
went to the UK, where he got degrees from the universities of Cambridge and
London. He also met Prafulla Chandra Ray, another pioneer of Indian science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">He came back and was
made a Professor of Physics at Presidency College on the Viceroy's
recommendation. However, the principal and other faculty, who were White, were
very racially biased against him and gave only an acting appointment. He
was offered one-third the salary of the school's white professors, and in
protest at this slight he took no salary at all for several years. They
denied him any laboratory facilities, but he carried on his research work,
buying equipment with his own salary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">He remained at
Presidency for his entire career, where he assembled the first modern
scientific research facilities in Indian academia. He conducted landmark
research of the response of plant and animal life to stimuli including
electricity, light, sound, and touch, and showed how water and sap in plants
and trees is elevated from roots due to capillary action. He invented the
crescograph, an early oscillating recorder using clockwork gears to measure the
growth and movements of plants in increments as small as 1/100,000 of an inch.
His 1902 paper "Responses in the Living and Non-living" showed that
plant and animal tissues share a similar electric-impulse response to all forms
of stimulation, a finding which challenged conventional science of the time,
and also showed that even inanimate objects — certain rocks and metals — have
similar responses. In a 1907 paper Bose established the electro transmission of
excitation in plant and animal tissues, and showed that plants respond to
sound, by growing more quickly in an environment of gentle speech or soft
music, and growing more poorly when subjected to harsh speech or loud music.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Prior to his plant and animal experiments, Bose
spent several years experimenting with electromagnetic waves, and conducted
successful wireless signaling experiments in Calcutta in 1895. The invention of
radio is usually credited to <a href="http://www.nndb.com/people/552/000071339/"><span style="color: #521e00; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">G. Marconi</span></a>, but a
comparison of their records suggests that at certain points of Bose's radio
research, he was about a year ahead of the Italian scientist. In Marconi's
first wireless trans-oceanic transmission in 1901 a mercury auto coherer was a
key component of the receiving device, and while Marconi made no acknowledgment
of Bose at the time, subsequent research has shown that Marconi's auto coherer
was a near-exact replica of a mechanism invented by Bose, who explained it in
detail in a demonstration at the Royal Society of London two years earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bose was the first Indian scientist to be widely
respected as an equal in the halls of western science. When he demonstrated his
mechanisms for generating and detecting radio waves in a January 1897 lecture
before the Royal Institution in London, it was the first such lecture given by
an Indian. He was elevated to knighthood in 1917, and in 1920 he became the
first Indian elected to membership in the prestigious Royal Society. Bose, who
came from a fairly affluent family, had no particular interest in the profit
potential of his work, and refused to file patent claims. A patent was filed by
friends in Bose's name for his 1901 invention of a solid-state diode detector
to detect electromagnetic waves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">He founded the Bose
Research Institute in Calcutta in 1917, which continues to conduct scientific
research. He was a contemporary and friend of the poet <u><a href="http://www.nndb.com/people/151/000087887/"><span style="color: #521e00; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rabindranath Tagore</span></a>.</u> In
1937, Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose breathed his last. In the pages of history are
recorded the glorious achievements of many great men whom the world recognises,
loves and respects. Such men prove to be a true asset not only to their own
countries but also to the world. Their lives become a message and a source of
inspiration for generations to come.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose
was one such personality who became immortal in the field of science. He was
not only a scientist par excellence, but also a warm human being and a modest
personality. Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose was worthy and illustrious son of our
motherland whom the nation feels proud of. He brought various laurels to our
country. Immense hard working capacity, patience and simplicity were hallmarks
of his personality. Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose was a creative and imaginative
scientist, a connoisseur of literature and a great lover of nature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Srinivasa Ramanujan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Introduction:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Srinivasa Ramanujan, a poor uneducated Indian,
was one of the greatest and most unusual mathematical geniuses who ever lived,
was born on 22<sup>nd</sup> December in 1887 in Erode in Tamilnadu. He
grew up in Kumbakonam where his father K. Sirnivasa Iyengar worked as an
accountant in a sari shop. His mother Kamalat Ammal was a house wife and also
sang songs at local temple. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Childhood:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Srinivasa Ramanujan started his schooling in
1892. He did not like school though he completed high school and tried twice to
obtain a college education. But he failed both times because he was so obsessed
by mathematics that he simply could not spend anytime on other subjects. He
started excelling in mathematics. He came to think of his results or the source
of his incredible outpouring of mathematics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Early Life:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In 1909, when Ramanujan was 22 years old, he
married 9 year old Janaki and took a clerical position in Madras Port Trust
Office to support her and his mother who lived with them. While working as
clerk, Ramanujan continued to pour out math results on wrapping paper in the
office. He was tied up with mathematics in such a way that he forgot event to
eat. His wife and his mother used to feed him at meal times so that he would
continue writing while he ate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Education & Research:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fortunately, both the chairman and manager
of Madras Port Trust Office were engineers who recognized his
extraordinary mathematical talent. They urged him to send his results to
English mathematics. He wrote to HF Baker & E.W. Hobson of Cambridge
University. Both returned his letters without comment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Then on 16<sup>th</sup> June 1913, he wrote
to G.H Hardy. He invited Ramanujan to come to England to study with
him Ramanujan accepted his invitation and arrived at Trinity college
in April 1914. Hardy characterizes Ramanujan as a very great mathematician full
of paradoxes, who defies all judgment. Ramanujan worked very hard in
collaboration with G.H Hardy. He used to work 24 to 36 hrs at a stretch and
collapse and sleep for 12 hrs or more at a time. As he was a vegetarian it was
difficult for him for food in England. It resulted that he was affected by
mysterious illness that might be vitamin B2 deficiency caused by his poor diet.
He returned to India in 1919. He died a year later at the age of 32. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ramanujan left behind 3 notebooks, which he
wrote before coming to England and which are filled with as many as 4000
results. GH Hardy showed a colleague of his Ramanujan’s strange letter which
was crammed with as many as 60 mathematical theorems and formulas stated
without any proofs. He made a significant contribution to mathematical
analysis, number theory and continued fractions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-49982081762355623252016-12-16T05:03:00.000-08:002016-12-16T05:03:06.444-08:00UNIT 5<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNIT – 5 :<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRESENTATION SKILLS</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Presentation Skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is from www.exforsys.com
Presentation Skills Overview A presentation is needed during business meetings,
product launchings, job interviews, trainings, as well as in selling products
and services. Working professionals will generally be asked to give a
presentation in the presence of one or more people. Individuals who are not
good at doing presentations should work doubly hard to improve their skills.
Giving a presentation is an opportunity to shine but for those who are always
nervous, fidgety, and have difficulty expressing their thoughts and ideas, it
can also become a barrier to career growth. Our Presentation Skills Training
focuses on the key aspects that make up an effective presentation. This
training will discuss in detail all the necessary things you need to know in
order to deliver an impressive presentation for both big and small audiences. Objectives
By the end of this you will be able to: Know the essential qualities that make
up good presentation skills Learn how to overcome your fears and anxiety Learn
how to plan well prior to giving a presentation Learn how to use visual aids to
enhance your presentation Know the strategies and techniques needed to connect
with the audience and make a positive first impression Know how to start and
end your presentation properly Target Audience People who have just started out
on their respective careers can greatly benefit from this training program.
This training is also helpful to just about any person who wants to improve
their presentation skills for the purpose of being able to hold business
presentations effectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Importance of Presentation Skills Working professionals are
required to come up with a presentation during a company or department meeting.
If you are a working individual who may be just starting out in your career or
who is already at the height of your profession you need to learn the basics of
presentation skills and understand its importance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Essential Qualities for Giving Presentation One of the
challenges any working individual will probably encounter in the workplace is
to give a presentation. Usually the boss will appoint the employee to conduct a
presentation of a particular agenda. In a sales-oriented and marketing company
the sales representatives will also have to come up with a periodic
presentation of their sales report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. How to Create Good Atmosphere for Presentation Every presenter
aims to deliver a memorable presentation to his audience something that would
create an impact on their lives or on their viewpoints. As a presenter you are
like the captain of the ship who maneuvers the vessel to the point of
destination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. Know Your Audience
Speaking before a group of people consists of important elements. One of these
key constituents is the audience. In a presentation the listeners are one of
the very essential components because they act as the judge to your
performance. They also play a big role on the achievement of your presentation
goals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. How to Make First Impression The first-time experiences are
always critical in any situation. In the aspect of delivering a speech or a
presentation creating an impressive outcome is as equally important as nailing
the objectives. If it is your very first time to ever conduct a presentation in
your company making a good first impression should be a primary goal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Presentation Anxiety and Fear Have you ever spoken before a
group of people or a crowd Everyone must have had their share of it whether it
is in school in your company or in any other situation that calls for a
presentation or public speaking. Looking back on the first time you ever spoke
to an audience the experience must have been unforgettable and dreadful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Setting Objectives for the Audience In an oral presentation
setting objectives is as equally important as attaining them. This should be
done at the onset of the preparation stage for your presentation. After
choosing a good topic to present or after being provided a topic define first
your presentation objectives before going any further with preparing on the
other elements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8. The Power of Words When we engage in an oral presentation
especially if the purpose is to persuade and convince your audience we have to
make it a point to impress them from start to finish. One of the important
elements that should be considered is the use of words and language in a
presentation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Creating Effective Visual Aids In an oral presentation the
auditory sense of the audience is the fundamental method in getting your
message across. However a plain verbal manner of presenting can elicit boredom
and slow grasping of ideas. For your audience to understand what you are
explaining visuals will reinforce your message. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10. Presentation Planning A fundamental element in a successful
presentation is preparation. If you are asked to make a presentation give
yourself ample time to organize and plan things out so it will be an impressive
result. An effective and successful presentation is a product of carefully
planned and well-rehearsed preparation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11. Presentation Visual Aids People have various ways and styles
in learning. There are good listeners those who do well in retaining
information and comprehending ideas based on what they heard. Others prefer to
have a visual learning approach meaning they need to picture out or envision
what they hear so they can easily comprehend. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12. Effective Presentation GUIDE Many of us dread public speaking
or giving a presentation because the mere thought of speaking before a group of
people is enough to bring about nervousness. However this kind of experience is
one good way of building confidence. 13. Handling Question and Answer Sessions
The Question and Answer session is part of many presentations. Both the
questions and responses are generated by you as the presenter and your audience
about the subject given. At certain points in your presentation you ask your
audience some questions to check for comprehension of the subject or to elicit
ideas from them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">14. Handling Unexpected Events During Presentation We learned that
good preparation is a secret ingredient to a successful presentation. But even
if you have rehearsed well enough do not expect too much. There may be
unguarded moments during your presentation that will paint a flaw in the almost
too perfect speech. Yet an effective presenter is ready for any circumstance
and possible occurrences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 15. How to End Your
Presentation Gracefully<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The conclusion part is one of the significant
and important aspects in a presentation other than the introduction. People
remember best the last thing they hear and the last thing you say. In closing a
speech or a presentation it should be more than simply closing it or telling
the audience that it is over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Importance of Presentation Skills</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Working professionals are required to
come up with a presentation during a company or department meeting. If you are
a working individual who may be just starting out in your career or who is
already at the height of your profession, you need to learn the basics of
presentation skills and understand its importance. Regardless of your position
or designation in your office, you should be ready in anything that may be required
of you to do such as making a presentation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conducting a
Presentation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A presentation is like a department or
general company meeting. The difference is that in a meeting, someone is
designated to preside and every participant gets to brainstorm and discuss on
the given agenda while in a presentation, usually only one person facilitates
the entire gathering while the rest become mere audience. Though, in most
cases, the listeners are free to ask questions about the purpose of the
presentation or the ideas presented. In a meeting, the objective is to agree
upon a deliberated resolution and action plans from among all members. Also, if
a question or comment is raised, everyone is free to voice out their opinions
and answers to it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On the other hand, the aim in a
presentation is to convince and persuade the audience on a certain proposal or
work depending on the purpose of the presentation. So, if questions are raised
from the listeners regarding what is being presented, only the facilitator
takes efforts in answering them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">During a presentation, the speaker may
utilize various materials in presenting the outline. These materials may be in
the form of visual aids, a PowerPoint presentation, audio and visual
recordings, illustrations, graphs, and other available resources that would
help in carrying out the goal of the presentation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Purpose of a Presentation: In a
corporate setting, there are various reasons for doing a presentation. The most
common is when your boss assigns you a certain project or task which you need
to demonstrate to the department or even the entire organization. Sometimes, a
company requires its members to present a monthly, quarterly, or annual
business review. Usually in a sales or marketing company, this kind of
presentation discusses a summary report of the total sales of the employees for
the given period. Also, some employees who have a certain proposal to the
management need to call a gathering or meeting to present the plans. Even in a
hiring process, some organizations require a demo for the qualifying applicants
of a specific position. This is an example of a simple presentation. Members of
the training department of a company also do a lot of presentation since
facilitating training is already a presentation in itself. From the given
reasons and examples, the very purpose of a presentation is to talk the
audience into agreeing with its objectives from your very own efforts and
skills in conducting it. What is the Essence of Good Presentation Skills? Why
do professionals need to know the importance of making a good presentation?
Basically, it defines your character as a mature professional. Anyone who
understands the basics of presentation skills and knows how to put it into
proper application is a good indication of a potential company asset. It is not
easy to be speaking before a group of professionals. This also explains why
presentation skill is important. A good level of confidence is boosted on the
person. Once you acquire even the basics of it, you start to feel more confident
and positive. In the long run, you will realize that your work personality will
also improve. Moreover, your work colleagues will look up to you as a model.
You will not just create an impression in the company; you will also gain the
trust of the organization as a whole. Always remember that conducting a
presentation in your organization is not merely an obligation; it is a talent
and a skill. You should not just perceive a presentation to be a typical
company practice because this characterizes you as a true professional. You
carry the skill with you in whatever career path you take and it is one of the
skills that will take you one step up the ladder of success in the aspect of
your career. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ten Uses of PowerPoint
Presentations <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Academic: 1. Classroom Teaching: Power Point presentations help in
improving the quality and impact of classroom teaching. The presentations can
be made interesting and exhaustive, with supporting information to be accessed
only if required. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Subject Tutorials: It is good for online and offline tutorials
on wide range of subjects, user age groups and types. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Seminars: It is handy for students to make their presentations
on assignments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Meetings and Consultations: Decision makers can use Power Point
for meetings and discussions to keep the focus on core issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Conferences: This is a popular use. Usually academicians use
power point as it easy to present as well as print and distribute handouts or
publish online, as per requirement. Professionals & Business <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Sales & Marketing: Power Point presentations are quick
to prepare and can be structured for use such that the same presentation can be
used for a specific target audience by selecting specific slides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Events and Trade Shows: It is good to use in trade shows and
events as it can be run by first timers or not so computer savvy exhibition
support teams. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Corporate meetings: Ideal for the busy corporate for focused
presentations with statistical information presented using graphics to
facilitate easy comprehension and avoid monotony of too many numbers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Corporate training and conferences: Widely used by trainers as
well as corporate for conferences, workshops and training sessions. Public<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 10. Information Kiosks*:
Power point is a good tool for presenting layout and other information at
public places like museums, exhibitions, libraries, transit terminals etc. It
can be made interactive for the public to view, learn and proceed. *kiosk: a
small building where things such as sweets, drinks or newspapers are sold
through an open window: a station kiosk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MEDIA OF MASS COMMUNICATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Mass communication is communication from many to many. The messages are
prepared by teams ( as in newspapers, radio, TV, Cinema) and reach a large
number of people all over the world. The distance between the sender and the
audience is very massive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Modes of Mass Communication</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Newspapers/Magazines <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Notice board <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Hoardings and bill boards <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Radio <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
Television <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.
Film <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.
Internet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Newspapers
and Magazines</b>: Newspapers and
magazines are the most common means of mass communication. These media of mass
communication are used by business houses for inviting tenders, for recruitment
information and other public notices and advertisements. 35 Media and Modes of
Communication <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Notice Board</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Notice board and bulletin board are media for public communication within the
organization. A notice board is placed at a location where it can be seen by
persons for whom it is meant. Notice Boards need care and attention. They must
be attractively laid out. Overlapping and overcrowded Notice Boards give a very
poor appearance and make it very difficult to read. An up to date notice board,
which is neatly laid out gives a good impression about the organsiation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hoardings and Bill Boards</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
These are meant for mass communication like advertisements. They are used for
displaying posters conveying simple ideas. They usually have a short message in
large letters and also include pictures. Location of the boards is important;
they are usually placed high up and can be seen from a distance. Most recently,
hoardings made up of flex are commonly used. They are lighted up at night and
make the roads look more attractive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Radio:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
The radio is a medium of mass oral communication. News, notices, advertisements
and entertainment programmes are transmitted to the general public by radio.
Like other means of mass media, it allows only one way communication. Radio was
mostly a tool of communication for rural areas; but recently, with the renewal
of FM and bands like Radio Mirchi, Red FM, etc, it has once again become
popular in cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Television</b>:
Television is a powerful medium of communication. It is the audio visual
medium. Its ability to transmit live events as they are going on makes it the
most powerful medium for mass communication. With teleconferencing, television
can transmit things happening at more than one place at once. A news reader in
Mumbai can take the audience to a view of what is happening in Australia or
hold a live discussion with a reporter in New Zealand. With the advent of Cable
TV and a variety of channels at the disposal of the viewer, TV, known as the
Small Screen, has become the most utilized channel for advertisement, news and
entertainment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Film</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Film is also a very powerful medium of communication. It is the audio visual
medium which combines all possible forms: written, oral, non verbal, visual or
auditory. A film can be shown in the Cinema theatre or projected on a small
screen in a room with a film projector or transmitted through Television. It
can also be viewed on computer monitor through CD or internet. The film is a
highly versatile medium and can be used for many purposes and adapted to
different conditions. This is one medium through which even the uneducated
public can be influenced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Internet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
This is the most recent of all the Mediums and is most popularly used in
today's globalised scenario. Though, its use is still limited to the educated
and computer friendly class of people. The website addresses to be visited are
publicized through other media like magazines and newspapers. Internet is still
in the process of being most widely used and a media for mass communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Presentation Skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: This is from www.exforsys.com Presentation Skills Overview A
presentation is needed during business meetings, product launchings, job
interviews, trainings, as well as in selling products and services. Working
professionals will generally be asked to give a presentation in the presence of
one or more people. Individuals who are not good at doing presentations should
work doubly hard to improve their skills. Giving a presentation is an
opportunity to shine but for those who are always nervous, fidgety, and have
difficulty expressing their thoughts and ideas, it can also become a barrier to
career growth. Our Presentation Skills Training focuses on the key aspects that
make up an effective presentation. This training will discuss in detail all the
necessary things you need to know in order to deliver an impressive
presentation for both big and small audiences. Objectives By the end of this
you will be able to: Know the essential qualities that make up good
presentation skills Learn how to overcome your fears and anxiety Learn how to
plan well prior to giving a presentation Learn how to use visual aids to
enhance your presentation Know the strategies and techniques needed to connect
with the audience and make a positive first impression Know how to start and
end your presentation properly Target Audience People who have just started out
on their respective careers can greatly benefit from this training program.
This training is also helpful to just about any person who wants to improve
their presentation skills for the purpose of being able to hold business
presentations effectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <b>Importance of
Presentation Skills</b>: Working professionals are required to come up with a
presentation during a company or department meeting. If you are a working
individual who may be just starting out in your career or who is already at the
height of your profession you need to learn the basics of presentation skills
and understand its importance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <b>Essential Qualities for
Giving Presentation</b>: One of the challenges any working individual will
probably encounter in the workplace is to give a presentation. Usually the boss
will appoint the employee to conduct a presentation of a particular agenda. In
a sales-oriented and marketing company the sales representatives will also have
to come up with a periodic presentation of their sales report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <b>How to Create Good
Atmosphere for Presentation</b>: Every presenter aims to deliver a memorable
presentation to his audience something that would create an impact on their
lives or on their viewpoints. As a presenter you are like the captain of the
ship who maneuvers the vessel to the point of destination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. <b>Know Your Audience:</b>
Speaking before a group of people consists of important elements. One of these
key constituents is the audience. In a presentation the listeners are one of
the very essential components because they act as the judge to your performance.
They also play a big role on the achievement of your presentation goals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. <b>How to Make First
Impression:</b> The first-time experiences are always critical in any
situation. In the aspect of delivering a speech or a presentation creating an
impressive outcome is as equally important as nailing the objectives. If it is
your very first time to ever conduct a presentation in your company making a
good first impression should be a primary goal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. <b>Presentation Anxiety and
Fear</b>: Have you ever spoken before a group of people or a crowd Everyone
must have had their share of it whether it is in school in your company or in
any other situation that calls for a presentation or public speaking. Looking
back on the first time you ever spoke to an audience the experience must have
been unforgettable and dreadful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. <b>Setting Objectives for
the Audience:</b> In an oral presentation setting objectives is as equally
important as attaining them. This should be done at the onset of the
preparation stage for your presentation. After choosing a good topic to present
or after being provided a topic define first your presentation objectives
before going any further with preparing on the other elements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8. <b>The Power of Words</b>:
When we engage in an oral presentation especially if the purpose is to persuade
and convince your audience we have to make it a point to impress them from
start to finish. One of the important elements that should be considered is the
use of words and language in a presentation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9. <b>Creating Effective
Visual Aids:</b> In an oral presentation the auditory sense of the audience is
the fundamental method in getting your message across. However a plain verbal
manner of presenting can elicit boredom and slow grasping of ideas. For your
audience to understand what you are explaining visuals will reinforce your
message. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10. <b>Presentation Planning</b>:
A fundamental element in a successful presentation is preparation. If you are
asked to make a presentation give yourself ample time to organize and plan
things out so it will be an impressive result. An effective and successful
presentation is a product of carefully planned and well-rehearsed preparation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11. <b>Presentation Visual
Aids:</b> People have various ways and styles in learning. There are good
listeners those who do well in retaining information and comprehending ideas
based on what they heard. Others prefer to have a visual learning approach
meaning they need to picture out or envision what they hear so they can easily
comprehend. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12. <b>Effective Presentation
GUIDE</b>: Many of us dread public speaking or giving a presentation because
the mere thought of speaking before a group of people is enough to bring about
nervousness. However this kind of experience is one good way of building
confidence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">13. <b>Handling Question and
Answer Sessions:</b> The Question and Answer session is part of many
presentations. Both the questions and responses are generated by you as the
presenter and your audience about the subject given. At certain points in your
presentation you ask your audience some questions to check for comprehension of
the subject or to elicit ideas from them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">14. <b>Handling Unexpected
Events During Presentation:</b> We learned that good preparation is a secret
ingredient to a successful presentation. But even if you have rehearsed well
enough do not expect too much. There may be unguarded moments during your
presentation that will paint a flaw in the almost too perfect speech. Yet an
effective presenter is ready for any circumstance and possible occurrences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">15. <b>How to End Your
Presentation Gracefully:</b> The conclusion part is one of the significant and
important aspects in a presentation other than the introduction. People
remember best the last thing they hear and the last thing you say. In closing a
speech or a presentation it should be more than simply closing it or telling
the audience that it is over. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Importance of
Presentation Skills:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Working professionals are
required to come up with a presentation during a company or department meeting.
If you are a working individual who may be just starting out in your career or
who is already at the height of your profession, you need to learn the basics
of presentation skills and understand its importance. Regardless of your
position or designation in your office, you should be ready in anything that
may be required of you to do such as making a presentation. Conducting a Presentation
A presentation is like a department or general company meeting. The difference
is that in a meeting, someone is designated to preside and every participant
gets to brainstorm and discuss on the given agenda while in a presentation,
usually only one person facilitates the entire gathering while the rest become
mere audience. Though, in most cases, the listeners are free to ask questions
about the purpose of the presentation or the ideas presented. In a meeting, the
objective is to agree upon a deliberated resolution and action plans from among
all members. Also, if a question or comment is raised, everyone is free to
voice out their opinions and answers to it. On the other hand, the aim in a
presentation is to convince and persuade the audience on a certain proposal or
work depending on the purpose of the presentation. So, if questions are raised
from the listeners regarding what is being presented, only the facilitator
takes efforts in answering them. During a presentation, the speaker may utilize
various materials in presenting the outline. These materials may be in the form
of visual aids, a PowerPoint presentation, audio and visual recordings,
illustrations, graphs, and other available resources that would help in
carrying out the goal of the presentation. Purpose of a Presentation In a
corporate setting, there are various reasons for doing a presentation. The most
common is when your boss assigns you a certain project or task which you need
to demonstrate to the department or even the entire organization. Sometimes, a
company requires its members to present a monthly, quarterly, or annual
business review. Usually in a sales or marketing company, this kind of
presentation discusses a summary report of the total sales of the employees for
the given period. Also, some employees who have a certain proposal to the
management need to call a gathering or meeting to present the plans. Even in a
hiring process, some organizations require a demo for the qualifying applicants
of a specific position. This is an example of a simple presentation. Members of
the training department of a company also do a lot of presentation since
facilitating training is already a presentation in itself. From the given
reasons and examples, the very purpose of a presentation is to talk the
audience into agreeing with its objectives from your very own efforts and
skills in conducting it. What is the Essence of Good Presentation Skills? Why
do professionals need to know the importance of making a good presentation?
Basically, it defines your character as a mature professional. Anyone who
understands the basics of presentation skills and knows how to put it into
proper application is a good indication of a potential company asset. It is not
easy to be speaking before a group of professionals. This also explains why
presentation skill is important. A good level of confidence is boosted on the
person. Once you acquire even the basics of it, you start to feel more
confident and positive. In the long run, you will realize that your work personality
will also improve. Moreover, your work colleagues will look up to you as a
model. You will not just create an impression in the company; you will also
gain the trust of the organization as a whole. Always remember that conducting
a presentation in your organization is not merely an obligation; it is a talent
and a skill. You should not just perceive a presentation to be a typical
company practice because this characterizes you as a true professional. You
carry the skill with you in whatever career path you take and it is one of the
skills that will take you one step up the ladder of success in the aspect of
your career. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ten Uses of Power Point
Presentations Academic</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <b>Classroom Teaching</b>:
Power Point presentations help in improving the quality and impact of classroom
teaching. The presentations can be made interesting and exhaustive, with
supporting information to be accessed only if required. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <b>Subject Tutorials</b>:
It is good for online and offline tutorials on wide range of subjects, user age
groups and types. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <b>Seminars</b>: It is
handy for students to make their presentations on assignments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. <b>Meetings and
Consultations</b>: Decision makers can use Power Point for meetings and
discussions to keep the focus on core issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. <b>Conferences</b>: This is
a popular use. Usually academicians use power point as it easy to present as
well as print and distribute handouts or publish online, as per requirement.
Professionals & Business <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. <b>Sales &
Marketing</b>: Power Point presentations are quick to prepare and can be
structured for use such that the same presentation can be used for a specific
target audience by selecting specific slides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. <b>Events and Trade Shows</b>:
It is good to use in trade shows and events as it can be run by first timers or
not so computer savvy exhibition support teams. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8. <b>Corporate meetings:</b>
Ideal for the busy corporate for focused presentations with statistical
information presented using graphics to facilitate easy comprehension and avoid
monotony of too many numbers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9. <b>Corporate training and
conferences</b>: Widely used by trainers as well as corporate for conferences,
workshops and training sessions. Public <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10. <b>Information Kiosks</b>*:
Power point is a good tool for presenting layout and other information at
public places like museums, exhibitions, libraries, transit terminals etc. It
can be made interactive for the public to view, learn and proceed. *kiosk: a
small building where things such as sweets, drinks or newspapers are sold
through an open window: a station kiosk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Presentation Planning Checklist<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
This presentation checklist will help you deliver
successful presentation. This is adapted in part from Business Communications:
A Cultural and Strategic Approach by Michael J. Rouse and Sandra Rouse.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Presentation:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Does
your introduction grab participant’s attention and explain your objectives?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Do you
follow this by clearly defining the points of the presentation?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Are
these main points in logical sequence?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Do
these flow well?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Do the
main points need support from visual aids?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Does
your closing summarize the presentation clearly and concisely?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Is the
conclusion strong?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Have
your tied the conclusion to the introduction?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Delivery:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Are you
knowledgeable about the topic covered in your presentation?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Do you
have your notes in order?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Where
and how will you present (indoors, outdoors, standing, sitting, etc.)?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Have
you visited the presentation site?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Have
you checked your visual aids to ensure they are working and you know how to use
them?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Appearance</b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Make
sure you are dressed and groomed appropriately and in keeping with the
audience’s expectations.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
•
Practice your speech standing (or sitting, if applicable), paying close
attention to your body language, even your posture, both of which will be
assessed by the audience.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Visual Aids:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Are the
visual aids easy to read and easy to understand?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Are
they tied into the points you are trying to communicate?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
• Can
they be easily seen from all areas of the room?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>INTERVIEW<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Interviews are goal oriented. The
objective of an interview is to gather details and information of the
interviewee. Later the interviewer makes an assessment, appraisal about the
suitability of the candidate for the post. Oxford Dictionary gives many
descriptions about interview. It is a formal meeting at which somebody is asked
questions to see if they are suitable for a particular job, or a course of
study of a college, University etc. interviews have become an integrate part of
social and business life. Interviews may be Public or Private, Formal or
Informal, Social or Business, Personal or Telephonic and Career related.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Promotion Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Interviews conducted by
organizations for their own eligible employees for higher position is called Promotion
Interview. Even in this interview, the candidates have to pass through several
preliminary stages. They should have the minimum experience and also
educational qualifications for the job vacancy. They should write a test and
obtain the qualifying marks. There may be group discussions, medical tests,
stress, etc. The candidates attending this interview should aim at scoring over
competitors. They should approach the interview fully prepared and with the
required seriousness. These interviews are conducted in-house hence are
relatively less formal. But the candidate here, should not exhibit any undue
familiarity with the interviewers. The candidates should be sincere ad truthful
and should impress the officers. They are selected on the basis of their suitability,
performance ad potential.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Exit Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Exit interviews are conducted for
those employees who are resigning or even retiring. They provide authentic and
forthright feedback on the organizational culture, policies and practices, in
order to bring about improvements. Specific and well thought out formats are
designed to gather personal details, service and experience, reasons for
leaving the job, comments on work atmosphere, policies and practices, and
suggestions for improvement. Senior officer, executive or branch in charge
conducts exit interview in a cordial manner. There should be no personal biases
and a negative approach. The report is given to the appropriate authority
within the organization for further organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Reprimand Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A reprimand interview is conducted
to express rebuke or disapproval. This interview is done in private. The erring
employees or misbehaving persons are called by the superior or person in
authority and advised to mend his behavior. In an organizational context, a
reprimand interview would be appropriate in dealing with absentees,
insubordination, inter-personal problems, poor performance and other such
deficiencies. The objective is to ensure correction in behavior, attitude and
performance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Grievance Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A grievance interview relates to
face to face talk, where the aggrieved person gets an opportunity to meet a
person in authority to share the distress and seek remedial action. The
organization shows that it cares for the feeling of the employees, or customers
by providing them such an opportunity. The interviewer uses placating skills to
assuage hurt feelings, clear misconceptions and gather all the relevant facts.
The skill of the interviewer lies in ensuring that at the end of the interview,
the aggrieved person feels satisfied.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Stress Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Stress interviews are conducted to
assess the stress bearing capacity of the interviewee. Some of the examples
where stress interview is necessary are, Security forces dealing with border
evens, Police personnel responding to violent mobs are arson, industrial
relations personnel in organizations dealing with militant unions, etc.
Restraint, tact, temperamental strength, reasoning, level-headed approach and
ability to withstand the aggressive posture and qualities assessed through such
interviews.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Orientation interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Orientation interview focuses on the
new entrant or a person new to the organization. It helps in acquainting that
person with the prevailing situation or environment. The candidate is oriented
towards the organization in a cordial manner. Orientation interviews are
conducted after the selection interview. It is by way of appraisal or
education, rather than assessment or evaluation. Apart from providing oral
inputs during the interview, the interviewer may also provide relevant
literature to the interviewer to facilitate smooth and quick orientation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Job Interview:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Job interview constitutes a very
vital aspect of the job selection process in any organization. Many times
written tests and group discussions carry their own weightage but the
performance of the candidate at the job interview makes the final selection.
The preparation for any interview should start well in advance with the
candidate collecting as much information as possible about the organization and
the job profile. The candidate should anticipate and prepare for various types
of questions that are likely to be asked by the interview panel. The candidate
should avoid getting worked up about the interview. Keeping cool minded helps
in being attentive and in responding effectively. Reaching the venue in time is
very important. It helps the candidate to become familiar with the surroundings
and avoid any kind of rushing and related apprehensions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In any interview
along with knowledge, appearance, body language and temperament of the
candidate too play an important role. Proper dressing creates a positive
impression. It adds to self confidence. Right posture, alert look, firm
handshake, clear voice and other such aspects make a big difference. The
candidate should build a rapport with the interview panel by looking confident,
smiling, greeting, firm handshakes, proper mannerisms and responses. Questions
should be answered confidently and truthfully avoiding long pauses.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The candidate
should not offend the interviewer. The candidate should not brag. The candidate
should avoid mouthing and pompous or boastful statements. He/She should not
find favor with the interviewers. They should not over-state their
achievements. They should not miss the right opportunity to mention their high
points. Interviewer’s perspective is to be looked at. , understand the human
dimension. The interviewers too are mixed lot of persons. The candidate should
put himself in their shoes. One has to be distinctive, get notices and create
an impression.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Telephonic Interview<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The telephone is
one of the most commonly used means of oral communication. It plays a vital
role in today’s competitive business world. It is used to place and take
orders, to exchange urgently needed information, to make appointments, to
establish valuable business contacts, and numerous other things.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In a telephonic
interview, the interviewer can only hear the candidate and cannot see the
person. Good listening, clear accent, speaking slowly and intelligibly and good
telephone manners would be particularly relevant.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Interviewer<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Like the
interviewee, the interviewer too must follow some basic rules. He should be
well informed. He should do some homework and come prepared. He should understand
the requirement of the particular role. He should put the candidate at ease. He
should focus on testing the knowledge of the candidate not his ignorance. He
should build up adequate stock of relevant questions and should develop good
listening skills. In order to do justice to the interview process, the
interviewers should talk to each other and finalize the selection of the
suitable candidate. The interview panel has a significant role in ensuring that
the entire process is completed with seriousness and dignity. The panel should
be fair and merit should prevail.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-23830870714690196182016-12-16T05:01:00.002-08:002016-12-16T05:01:45.031-08:00UNIT 4<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR.
SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EMAIL
ID<b> : </b></span><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meaning of Business Correspondence</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Communication through exchange of letters is known
as correspondence. We communicate our feelings, thoughts etc. to our friends
and relatives through letters that may be called personal correspondence. A
Businessman also writes and receives letters in his day to-day transactions,
which may be called business correspondence. Business correspondence or
business letter is a written communication between two parties. Businessmen may
write letters to supplier of goods and also receive letters Business Studies 156
from the suppliers. Customers may write letters to businessmen seeking
information about availability of goods, price, quality, sample etc. or place
order for purchase of goods. Thus, business letters may be defined as a media
or means through which views are expressed and ideas or information is
communicated in writing in the process of business activities<b>. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Importance of Business
Correspondence</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now-a-days business operations are not restricted to
any locality, state or nation. Today production takes place in one area but
consumption takes place everywhere. Since the businessmen as well as customers
live in far off places they don’t have sufficient time to contact each other
personally. Thus, there arises the need for writing letters. In the past the situation
was not so. Business letters were not essential in olden days. But now the
importance of letters has increased because of vast expansion of business,
increase in demand as well as supply of goods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us learn about the importance of business letters.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Help in maintaining proper relationship
Now-a-days business activities are not confined to any one area or locality.
The businessmen as well as customers are scattered throughout the country.
Thus, there is a need to maintain proper relationship among them by using
appropriate means of communication. Here business letters play an important
role. The customers can write letters to the businessman seeking information
about products and businessmen also supply various information to customers.
This helps them to carry on business on national and international basis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Inexpensive and convenient mode Though there
are other modes of communication like telephone, telex, fax, etc. but business
information can be provided and obtained economically and conveniently through
letters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Create and maintain goodwill Sometimes
business letters are written to create and enhance goodwill. Businessmen at
times send letters to enquire about complaints and suggestions of their
customers. They also send letters to inform the customers about the
availability of a new product, clearance sale etc. All this results in cordial
relations with the customers, which enhances the goodwill of the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iv)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Serves as evidence We cannot expect a
trader to memorise all facts and figures in a conversation that normally takes
place among businessmen. Through letters, he can keep a record of all facts.
Thus, letters can serve as evidence in case of dispute between two parties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Help in expansion of business Business
requires information regarding competing products, prevailing prices,
promotion, market activities, etc. If the trader has to run from place to place
to get information, he will end up doing nothing. It will simply result in loss
of time. But through business letters, he can make all enquiries about the
products and the markets. He can also receive orders from different countries
and, thus enhance sales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Format of a Business Letter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tel. Name
of the firm E-mail: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fax.
Postal Address Website:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ref.
Dated:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To
Name
and address of the person to whom letter is sent Subject: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salutation,
_______________________________________________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Opening
part_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Main
part ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Concluding
part ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Complementary
close<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Signature
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(name)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Designation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Enclosures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> CC
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parts of a Business Letter <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
essential parts of a business letter are as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Heading -The heading of a business letter usually contains the name and postal
address of the business, E-mail address, Web-site address, Telephone Number,
Fax Number, Trade Mark or logo of the business (if any) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Date - The date is normally written on the right hand side corner after the
heading as the day, month and years. Some examples are 28th Feb., 2003 or Feb.
28, 2003. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Reference- It indicates letter number and the department from where the letter
is being sent and the year. It helps in future reference. This reference number
is given on the left hand corner after the heading. For example, we can write
reference number as AB/FADept./2003/27. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Different
parts of a business letter- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Heading <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Date <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Reference <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Inside Address <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Subject <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.
Salutation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 7. Body of the letter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 8. Complimentary close <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9.
Signature <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10.
Enclosures <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11.
Copy Circulation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12.
Post Script <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. Inside address - This includes the name and
full address of the person or the firm to whom the letter is to be sent. This
is written on the left hand side of the sheet below the reference number.
Letters should be addressed to the responsible head e.g., the Secretary, the
Principal, the Chairman, the Manager etc. Example: M/S Bharat Fans Bharat
Complex Hyderabad Industrial Complex Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh - 500032 The
Chief Manager, State Bank of India Utkal University Campus Bhubaneswar, Orissa-
751007 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
Subject - It is a statement in brief, that indicates the matter to which the
letter relates. It attracts the attention of the receiver immediately and helps
him to know quickly what the letter is about. For example, Subject: Your order
No. C317/8 dated 12th March 2003. Subject: Enquiry about Samsung television
Subject: Fire Insurance policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6. Salutation - This is placed below the
inside address. It is usually followed by a comma (,). Various forms of
salutation are: Sir/Madam: For official and formal correspondence Dear
Sir/Madam: For addressing an individual Dear Sirs/Dear Madam: For addressing a
firm or company. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.
Body of the letter- This comes after salutation. This is the main part of the
letter and it contains the actual message of the sender. It is divided into
three parts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (a) Opening part - It is the introductory part
of the letter. In this part, attention of the reader should be drawn to the
previous correspondence, if any. For example with reference to your letter no.
326 dated. 12th March 2003, I would like to draw your attention towards the new
brand of television.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (b) Main part - This part usually contains the
subject matter of the letter. It should be precise and written in clear words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (c) Concluding Part - It contains a statement
the of sender’s intentions, hopes or expectations concerning the next step to
be taken. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Further,
the sender should always look forward to getting a positive response. At the
end, terms like Thanking you, With regards, With warm regards may be used. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.
Complimentary close - It is merely a polite way of ending a letter. It must be
in accordance with the salutation. For example: Salutation Complementary close
i. Dear Sir/Dear Madam Yours faithfully ii. Dear Mr. Raj Yours sincerely iii.
My Dear Akbar Yours very sincerely (express very informal relations.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.
Signature - It is written in ink, immediately below the complimentary close. As
far as possible, the signature should be legible. The name of the writer should
be typed immediately below the signature. The designation is given below the
typed name. Where no letterhead is in use, the name of the company too could be
included below the designation of the writer. For example: Yours faithfully For
M/S Acron Electricals (Signature) SUNIL KUMAR Partner <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.
Enclosures - This is required when some documents like cheque, draft, bills,
receipts, lists, invoices etc. are attached with the letter. These enclosures
are listed one by one in serial numbers. For example : Encl : (i) The list of
goods received (ii) A cheque for Rs. One Thousand dtt. Feb. 27,2003 (Cheque
No........) towards payment for goods supplied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 11. Copy circulation - This is required when
copies of the letter are also sent to persons apart of the addressee. It is
denoted as C.C. For example, C.C. i. The Chairman, Electric Supply Corporation
ii. The Director, Electric Supply Corporation iii. The Secretary, Electric
Supply Corporation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.
Post script - This is required when the writer wants to add something, which is
not included in the body of the letter. It is expressed as P.S. For example,
P.S. - In our offer, we provide two years warranty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Advantages of the Telephone: <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
1.
It saves time. It enables a person to have instantaneous communication.<o:p></o:p><br />
It
makes it possible to get immediate feedback.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
Subtle modulations of voice make telephone communication more effective<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
The telephone acts as a kind of equalizer by minimizing such influences as stem
from personal appearance or the appearance of the office.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
These days tele-banking and tele-contact services are gaining popularity.
Tele—marketing and making sales calls on the telephone are becoming popular,
especially in metro centers.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Disadvantages of the
Telephone:<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
1.
Frustration is caused by telephone tag. Answering machine is found instead of
the concerned person.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
Communication is dependent entirely on voices. No facial expressions and
gestures are used to establish rapport.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
If wrong numbers are contacted time as well as money is wasted. Moreover wrong
numbers put the called in a bad humor.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
The message cannot be studied again and again by the receiver. Hence there are
greater chances of missing or misinterpreting something.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Effective
use of the Telephone:<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
1.
Speak politely, confidently and in a positive and friendly tone.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
Have a message pad, pen, telephone directory and an appointment book near at
hand.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
While talking, hold the mouthpiece one inch away from the lips and the earpiece
close to the ears.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
Avoid mumbling, running words together or talking through the nose or teeth.<o:p></o:p><br />
5.
Don’t shout or don’t speak too low.<o:p></o:p><br />
6.
Don’t spend time in idle talk.<o:p></o:p><br />
7.
Treat every call as an important call. Make the caller feel that he is being
given personal attention.<o:p></o:p><br />
8.
Introduce the company, the department and even yourself when you pick up the
receiver.<o:p></o:p><br />
9.
Say a pleasant ‘Good Morning” or ‘Good Evening”.<o:p></o:p><br />
10.
Listen carefully, without interrupting the caller.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
Guidelines
when making a call:<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
1.
Prepare mentally before dialling the number. Note down important points on a
piece of paper.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
Dial the correct number carefully.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
Before speaking to the receiver be sure that you have got the right person on
the line.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
Make your identity clearly known to the person at the other end.<o:p></o:p><br />
5.
Speak clearly and precisely.<o:p></o:p><br />
6.
Deliver all the details of the message and see that the message has been
clearly and completely understood.<o:p></o:p><br />
7.
When the conversation is over, put the receiver back gently.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Use of Technology in Business
Communication:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conventional Modes Media</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
which have been in use for a long time and depend on traditional carriers are
called conventional modes. These include the following mediums: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Postal mail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. Courier <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Hand Delivery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. Telegraph <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
Telex Mail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Postal mail</b>: The postal service uses
rail, road and air transport, and is usually a government-owned network with
links with all other countries. Various types of mail services are available:
Ordinary Mail, Registered Mail which may include A.D. (Acknowledgement Due),
Quick Mail Service (QMS), Express Delivery, Under Certificate of Posting. Speed
post a special service offered by the post office, it ensures delivery of
letters and parcels on the same day with in the city, with 24 hours to certain
cities in the country and with in 48 hours to cities in other countries. This
service is not available in all cities. The post office now offers electronic
media for new services like hybrid mail in some cities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Courier:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Courier
services are private; they collect and deliver packets door -to -door at any
time during the day. Though the cost is high, this is a very quick service for
the delivery of letters and parcels. Courier services are limited to the cities
where they maintain their network. Their door -to -door service is a great
advantage. Courier companies are recognized as commercial companies. Courier
services are the modernized, sophisticated form of the messenger or runner of
the old days before the postal service. Hand Delivery Written messages and
documents and parcels can be delivered within the city by an organization's
delivery boys. The effectiveness and speed of this method depends on the
organization's own system of messengers. It requires a number of employees for
out door work, and may be expensive; but it ensures prompt delivery is
necessary for the record, as the messenger can bring back a signed copy, or an
official receipt or a signature in the sender's peon book. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telegraph:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telegraph
is government -owned network in most countries; it has links with all other
countries. It works by transmitting sounds in the Morse code. Telegrams can be
sent 'ordinary' or 'express'. There is also facility for reply -paid telegrams;
you can send a 27 Media and Modes of Communication telegram and pay for the
other party's reply telegram at your telegraph office. This facility is used to
impress upon the receiver that immediate reply is expected. The telegraph
office registers special telegraphic addresses for companies, on application.
This address is only one word; the only addition needed is the pin code number.
Organizations which receive and send a large number of telegrams thus save
expenditure for themselves and their correspondents. The telegraphic address
can also be used as signature of the organization in telegrams. A telegram is
used for external communication for contacting customers, suppliers, traveling
salesmen, branches, office etc. A telegram gives an impression of urgency, and
therefore gets immediate response. It is used when there is an urgent message
to be conveyed or urgent action is required. This medium's importance has been
substantially reduced by fax and mobile phones in large cities, but it has an
excellent network which reaches even remote parts of country where the modern
media have not yet reached. Hence, it will continue to be used for a long time.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telex</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Telex (short form of Teleprinter Exchange) is a world -wide teletype service
providing instantaneous communication through a direct dial Teleprinter -to
-teleprinter system. Messages can be sent and received 24 hours a day. The
system of direct dial teleprinter exchange was introduced in 1958; within ten
years it had more than 25,000 subscribers. It enabled subscribers to send message
and data directly to each other. Telex connection is got through the Post
Office; each subscriber has an identification code for connection. The
teleprinter has a key board for typing message and a transmitter/receiver for
sending and receiving messages. The machine is fitted with a roll of a paper,
and message can be type out continuously. When a message is type on the
sender's machine, the same message gets typed at the same time on the
receiver's machine also. The advantage of this machine is that it automatically
types out received message even if the machine is not attended; the sender and
the receiver can carry on a two-way "dialogue" by typing out in turn.
Telex messages are paid for on the basis of the time taken from transmission and
the distance; the charge begins as soon as the connection is made. Telex users
have developed a language of contractions and abbreviations for saving time.
Telex has an excellent international network and installation of good machines
in good working condition. Recent developments have made it possible to use a
computer instead of a teleprinter for transmission of telex. As technologies
coverage, the of teleprinters may become outdated.As telex connects the two
communicates in real time, it is not subject to problems like viruses. It is
used mainly by organizations like railways, ports, stock exchange, banks etc.
which need constant international communication. Telex messages are relayed on
a screen in newspaper office, share markets, air ports, railway stations and
places where moment - to-moment information has to be conveyed to many people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Electronic Modes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
These are media which transmit signals instantly from any source to any
destination in the world by modern electronic technology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Telephone <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Intercom <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Cell Phone <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Fax <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
e-Mail <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.
e-Conferencing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.
Tele-Conferencing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.
Internet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.
Computer Networks - LAN, WAN, MAN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telephone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
This form of electronic communication has been around for nearly a century. It
is the most useful and universal medium of oral communication with a person who
is not present at the same place as the sender. The telephone instrument has
evolved, over the years, into very sophisticated forms with many new
facilities. STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling) allows a user to make call to a
number in another city directly, without having to call the operator at the
telephone exchange. This service is available to almost all cities in the
country. Every city has code number which you dial before dialing the personal
telephone number. The code number for Mumbai is 022. ISD (International
Subscriber Dialling) allows the user to call a number to any of the major
cities of the world, without calling the operator at the telephone exchange.
Every country has an international code number which you dial before dialling
the required city code and personal telephone number. The code for India is
091. STD and ISD facilities can be locked with a number code on telephones
attached to electronic exchanges. On other telephones, you may have to pay a
fee and/or deposit to get the facilities activated. These facilities have made
the telephone an instrument for instant communication to any part of the world.
Technological advancement has made the telephone instrument so sophisticated
that it is able to provide a number of services. An answering machine can take
a message if you cannot answer it. Caller identity device attached to the telephone
can show the number from which the incoming call is being made. 29 Media and
Modes of Communication <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intercom</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
The intercom is an internal telephone system which allows communication between
persons in different parts of a building. It eliminates the need for visiting
another part of the office and the need for a peon to carry written notes and
messages. Information can be passed quickly from one person to another in the
office. Some intercom instruments have facility to broadcast messages to the
entire office over all the internal lines or a particular location on one line.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cellular Phone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
The cellular phone is based on a combination of the old radio technology and
emerging telecommunication technology. Cellular or mobile phones have some of
the characteristics of the home phones but there are several differences. There
are some boundaries to cellular coverage outside metropolitan areas and away
from major highways. Air times is charged by the minute on calls made from and
received by the cellular phone; a fraction of a minute is rounded off to the
next higher minute. Calls made are charged from the time the "send"
button is pressed. When a cellular call is placed, a radio signal travels from
the phone to a receiver/transmitter within a cell. A cell is a geographic area
ranging from less than a quarter mile to 20 miles in diameter, and contains a
fixed radio signal receiver/transmitter. The size of a cell depends on the
population and the terrain. As a person making or receiving a cell with a
cellular phone move from one cell to another, the call is automatically passed
from one cell to the other. A receiver/transmitter within the cell relays the
call to a mobile transmitter switching office (MTSO) using the home telephone
lines. The MTSO is connected to the local telephone company which routes the
call to the destination. The call process takes less than half a second.
Cellular phone instruments have facilities for storage of numbers, record of
missed calls (calls which were not answered), for receiving text messages, and
for receiving information give by the network about the weather, about
conditions on the road, and other vital news needed while traveling. The mobile
has freed many managers from the confines of their offices as they can be in
touch with the office from wherever they are. It has become possible to contact
persons who are traveling or are out in the open. A manager talking business on
his mobile while relaxing on a beach may be a depressing sight, but then, he
might not have been relaxing on the beach at all but for the mobile, which
allows him to stay in touch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fax</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
The facsimile machine is a device for transmitting copies of printed images
over telephone lines. The machine is connected to the telephone through a modem
(modulator - demodulator). The sender has to dial the receiver's fax number,
insert the documents into the machine and press the start button. The receiving
machine decrypts the signals and uses its in -built printer to produce an exact
photocopy of the original page. The cost of the printout is borne by the
receiver. Fax permits quick exchange of information and documents between
offices and organization and individuals. Important decisions and instructions
can be quickly conveyed to branches and other offices. Fax is used only for
documents which are not confidential. The machine puts a printout which is open
and can be seen by any one. However, you can arrange (by telephone talk) to be
alone with the machine, when a confidential message is being sent. 30 Executive
Communication The printout contains the time, date and the fax number of the
sender's machine. The sender gets a confirmation printout showing the
receiver's fax number, the date and the time of transmission and the number of
pages transmitted. Sometimes the received copy is not clear. It is customary to
telephone the receiver to make sure that the fax has been received. The fax
machine can be set to function as a telephone or as a voice mail answering
machine) by pressing relevant buttons. It can also make one or two photo copies
of a document. Fax can sent through a computer provide the required software
and a modem are installed and a telephone line is connected to it. Very recent
models of computer have an in built modem, and software for fax is included as
a part of windows. Fax though a computer can transmit only messages which have
been created on the computer; it cannot transmit a document as it is, as the
fax machine can. Faxes have been available for many years and are popular in
business offices; newer fax machines are digital, allowing communication via
computer, and are much faster that the old ones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e-mail</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Electronic mail requires a computer, a telephone line and a modem (if a modem
is not in -built in the computer). The connection is given by the VSNL, the
MTNL and other email and internet Service Providers (ISP) like Satyam. E.mail
is the most frequently used application of the internet. Name and address on
e.mail: In order to send an e.mail, you must know the recipient's
"name," that is, computer I.D. and address. This has the form:
someone @someplace; "someone" could be the person's real name like
geeta or it may be a world/letters chosen by the person, like goverma or gmd3
or anything else; "someplace" is the address of the computer and
network on which the person has an account, like hotmail.com, yahoo.com,
vsnl.com or giasbm01.vsnl.net.in or mailcity.com. You can find people's e.mail
addresses by checking sites like Bigfoot, Who Where, and InfoSpace, Four11.com
or Netscape's e.mail directories. How e.mail is different from fax: In the
1980s faxing became a popular way to send letters and documents without the
delays of regular mail (nick-named snail mail). Email has the immediacy of a
fax and is much more efficient and economical. Fax, like telephoning, sets up a
temporary circuit between the origin and the destination of the call, for which
you have to pay regular phone rates. Email uses "packet switching"
technology which makes efficient use a network of permanently open lines; there
is no additional cost in sending e.mail even long distances and you do not need
STD or ISD connection to send e-mail to any country in the world. e-mail does
not have incremental costs once an organization has paid the fee for network
access. Besides issues of speed and cost, fax only sends a "photo" of
the document, while e.mail provides the recipient with text which can be edited
by using any word processing program. Different email programs: Earlier, Hot
mail was the only free e.mail service on the internet. Now they are many web
-based e.mail services. Every search engine provides the internet user with an
e.mail service. Yahoo! Mail, Excite Post, Altavista E.mail, MailCity (from
Lycos), RediffMail, Satyam Online mail, etc. are some of the popular free email
services. These services are web-based and do not require any special software;
they can be used with any web browser. They can be accessed from anywhere in
the world through the internet. They have an address book facility; you can
enter your list of names, address, telephone numbers and e.mail addresses in
your address book and you have a diary which you access from anywhere in the
world. 31 Media and Modes of Communication Setting up a free e.mail account is
easy; open the relevant page of the search engine (or any program that gives
e.mail services); you will be guided by instructions on the screen; you have to
fill in the details that are required by the form which appears on the screen
and click on the "submit" button at the end. You have to make up the
ID name you want (can be your own name or initials or anything you like) and
the password you want, and enter them. You have to remember your password and
enter it each time you want to check your mail. You can have an e. mail account
even if you do not have a computer or an Internet account; you can set up an
account and access it by renting Internet time in a cyber café. Using e-mail
for conferencing: An important capability of e.mail is its ability to create
ongoing electronic conference. It work like this: if people interested in a
particular topic (like new HR practices, or women's studies or Shakespeare or
anything) find that there is interest in an on going conference someone with a
networked computer in an organization can set up and manage a "list"
(using a software program like "listserv" or majordomo or mailserv).
Interested person subscribe to the conference. Every time someone sends in a
contribution to the discussion, it is automatically distributed to the entire
person on the list as an email message. Yet is does not make demands on your
time because you can send in your response at any time at your convenience.
Besides the facility to join conference e.mail provides other ways to interact
with writer of articles or owner of web sites. Almost every websites gives an
e.mail address for any visitor/reader to send back comments and reactions.
Advantages and shortcomings of using e-mail: Email makes information more
accessible and permits faster procedures in an organization. Conventions of
developed by e.mail users allows the exchange of brief, efficient messages of
information or instruction; the messages presume knowledge of previous
communication, and do not waste time on references or on social niceties.
e-mail has contributed to relationship building since it is easier to keep in
touch; a message or a few jokes or interesting anecdotes, of bites of
information can be distributed to a large number of persons across the word in
a few strokes. e-mail respect the receiver's time; the message need not be attended
to and answered at once as with the telephone. Although in speed of
transmission email comes close to the telephone, it does not demand instant
reply; there is time to think before replying. By sending a reply by e.mail you
can shoe that you have replied promptly and yet avoid the personal contact of
the telephone. Efficiency of the email depends on the user's regularity in
checking mail; you can not know how often or at what time the receiver checks
the e.mail box. The message could lie there for days if the person does not
check the e.mail regularly. Issues of confidentiality and security pose the
greatest problem; many organizations restrict access to the e.mail and the
internet because of security risks and the possibilities of abuse. It is worth
considering what kind of messages should not got by e.mail. You would not
expect to get a firing from the boss or give a firing to your subordinate by
email; a scolding may be carried by telephone and a warning by a memo; neither
is proper by email; a scolding may be carried by telephone and the warming by a
memo; neither is proper by e.mail. But congratulatory and other social goodwill
messages are actually made easy by e.mail which offers various free electronic
greeting cards which can be sent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teleconferencing:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Teleconferencing can be defined in several ways but most people agree that it
can be defined simply as "bringing people together without having to spend
time and money on travel." Teleconferencing is a rapidly developing
technology that has changed the way companies do business. There are three
types of teleconferencing: (a) audio teleconferencing (b) audio graphics
teleconferencing (c) video teleconferencing. Audio teleconferencing provides
the interactive element of the telephone; it is the most frequently used most
productive and inexpensive medium. It is also called "phone meeting";
it does not need any special equipment other than the ordinary telephone. The
main factors for its wide spread acceptances are: Easy to use -everyone can use
a telephone Easily available -telephones are available anywhere Easy to
participate from any telephone line in the world Takes only a few minutes to
set up a conference call Costs little Audio graphics teleconferencing provides
the facility to move text, computer -generated image, photographs and large
files over ordinary telephone lines (like the Internet). It is not as expensive
as video conferencing but still requires going to the location that has the
equipment or investing in the equipment. Internet The Internet is a world-wide
collection of computer networks that co -operate with one another by using a
common software standard. It conveys data through satellite links and telephone
wires. There is no single owner or central authority that operates or controls the
Internet. But the internet is bound by few rules and oversees the system and
protocols involved. But the internet is bound by few rules and does not answer
to any single organization. The speed of the internet has changed the way
people receive information. The size, scope and design of the Internet enable
users to: Connect easily through an ordinary personal computer and local
telephone line; Exchange electronic mail with friends, colleagues, customers
(with internet accounts) and also attach files which are on their computer;
Share business and research data among colleagues; 33 Media and Modes of
Communication Request and provide help with problem and questions; Post
information for others to access, and update the information regularly;
Publicize and market goods and services; Gather valuable feedback and
suggestions from customers and business partners; Access multimedia information
which includes photographic images, sounds, and video; Join group discussions
on any subject; Subscribe to mail lists on topics of interest and receive views
expressed by members of the group on the topic. Since the Internet consists of
not one but multiple data systems, which were developed independently, it
allows users to access a variety of services. The most important and popular
ones are: e-mail for exchange of electronic mail; Internet Relay Chat (IRC) for
sending private and public messages to other users and real time (that is, your
messages appears on the recipient's computer screen as soon as you type it);
USENET newsgroups for posting and answering messages on public "bulletin
board"; File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for storing and retrieving data files
on large computer systems; CU-SeeMe, a video conferencing system which allows
users to send and receive sound and pictures simultaneously over the internet.
Over the following 20 years, the network developed and became useful for
academic institutions, scientists, and government bodies for research. It
enabled distant and unrelated organizations to share information and contact to
one another's data bases and computing system. The nature of the Internet
changed dramatically in 1992. A new computer program called NCSA Mosaic was
developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the
University of Illinois. This was the first Web browser. With the browser it was
easier to access the different web site, and soon the Web sites began to
include video files and sound files. In India, VSNL began to give Internet
connections in 1995. The growth in India has been astonishing in the last one
year. The expansion of the Internet has coincided with the coming of powerful
yet reasonably priced personal computers and easy to use graphical operating
systems. For those who do not own a computer, there are cyber cafes and other
commercial centers that rent internet facilities by the hour. Computer Networks
The computer is a versatile electronic instrument which can combine various
media functions. The trend of technology is towards convergence of various
technologies so that the computer will become the single multi-task equipment
for all kinds of transmission. Computer software development is rapidly making
the computer take over more and more tasks and functions both in business and
at home. 34 Executive Communication The word processor help in the preparation
of letters, reports, meeting agenda, by guiding you through the steps of the
layout. It ensures that the document is neatly laid out in a few commands. It
enables you to prepare a circular and personalize it for several persons and
addresses by mail merge. Electronic mail, voice mail, Video conferencing, and
multimedia facility are forms of communication to be transmitted. Fax and telex
can also be sent through the computer. The use of Accounting software in many
offices is that account books do not have to be written manually. Various
financial reports can be prepared with in a short time by using the accounting
software packages. Software programs are being written for almost all
activities in business. You should keep a close watch on the advertisements
that announce new programs. A computer technology is the fastest growing field;
advances are made rapidly, and users can upgrade their equipment and buy the
latest software for more advanced tasks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
MEETINGS<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Meetings are useful means of group communication. The
success of a meeting depends on the following points.<o:p></o:p></div>
1.
Clearly define the purpose of the meeting. It helps to take a quick decision
without any avoidable loss of time or money.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
Distribute the agenda among all the members. It makes the participation in the
meeting effective.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
Restrict the number of invitees to make the meeting productive.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Chair person at a
meeting:<o:p></o:p><br />
1.
The chairperson has to observe punctuality. It is always good to start a
meeting on time and close the meeting in time.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
The purpose of the meeting should be defined clearly.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
Meeting should begin with a positive approach. Participants should know that
they are present for a specific purpose and they are going to make their distinct
contribution.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
Chairperson should be impartial taking no sides and revealing no prejudices.<o:p></o:p><br />
5.
Contribution should be drawn from all the members.<o:p></o:p><br />
6.
Chairperson should control the meeting in such a way that only one person
should speak at a time.<o:p></o:p><br />
7.
The chairperson should ask questions to pull out details and ask members to
elaborate certain points.<o:p></o:p><br />
8.
Frequent summaries are essential to check which points have been completely
discussed and resolved and which points demand more attention.<o:p></o:p><br />
9.
Before concluding the meeting clear statement should be made about the
decisions arrived at.<o:p></o:p><br />
10.
Along with the decisions, disagreements should also be stated clearly.<o:p></o:p><br />
11.
Chairperson should clearly indicate how the decisions at the meeting are to be
implemented.<o:p></o:p><br />
12.
The meeting should neither drag on unnecessarily nor come to an abrupt close.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Participants at a
meeting:<o:p></o:p><br />
Participants
should attend a meeting with positive contribution. The points that help
participants to give a good performance are as follows.<o:p></o:p><br />
1.
Participants should attend the meeting well prepared.<o:p></o:p><br />
2.
They have to study the agenda thoroughly.<o:p></o:p><br />
3.
If participants wish to use any written or visual aids to make contribution
effective, they should prepare them well in advance.<o:p></o:p><br />
4.
If the participant is not an experienced shaker, it is advisable to write out
full points and practice the speech from notes.<o:p></o:p><br />
5.
Participants are supposed to speak at most appropriate time.<o:p></o:p><br />
6.
They should control negative impulses and always think positive.<o:p></o:p><br />
7.
Participants should try to understand others’ point of view as they expect
others to understand them.<o:p></o:p><br />
8.
Care should be taken to avoid; lecturing, patronizing, condemning as they give
others the impression that they are ignorant fools.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PURPOSES
AND GOLDEN RULES OF MEETINGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The following are the important purposes for holding
meetings in business organizations: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. To save time in Communication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. To instruct a group for a specific purpose, that
is , briefing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. To discuss and solve problems relating to
business <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. To resolve conflicts, confusion and disagreement
among interest groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. To give and get new ideas and immediate
reactions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. To generate enthusiasm and positive attitude. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. To arrive at consensus on issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. To learn from others and to train others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ten
Golden Rules with respect to Meetings are</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. The meeting should be convened only when it is
essential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Meetings should have time schedule and must begin
and end on time <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Meetings should be convened only when no
telephonic discussion is possible. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. They must have clear and specific agenda and sub
agenda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. They must have clear objectives 6. Time limit
should be specified for each item of the agenda and sub agenda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. The notice of the meeting should be sent well in
time before the meeting, to those who are required to attend the meeting and
can make useful contributions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Conclusion of a meeting is summarized so that
each one understands the summary of the proceedings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Action oriented minutes should be prepared and
circulated after the meeting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. Meeting should be closed on a pleasant note.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Role
of the Chairperson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The chairperson, the convener or the secretary and
the senior members have a vital role to play in conducting the meetings
effectively. They have to ensure punctuality and effective the management.
While providing freedom to the members for expressing their views on the items
taken up for deliberation, the Chairperson also ensures that the discussion
does not stray. The Chairperson also ensures that as far as possible, all the
agenda items stated for discussions are duly taken up for deliberation. Through
experience, wit and wisdom, the Chairperson brings in authority and
decisiveness to the deliberations. If during the course of deliberations,
members get into a war of words, or a personal clash, the Chairperson or the
convener, who should play a complementary role in conducting the meetings
should intervene, and bring in the much needed sense of proportion in the
deliberations. The Chairperson must work up the agenda before the meeting, and
check that all the requirements are made available in the meeting room, and
that the needed staff is in full attendance, to assist at the meeting. The
leader has to carry out the task of guiding the discussion, keeping it on track
and arriving at a useful conclusion at the end of the given time. The meeting
leader should ensure that there is someone to take notes; if one has not been
arranged for, someone from among the participants can be appointed to be the
reporter; in a large meeting it is better to have two or three persons
appointed for the purpose. The success of the meeting depends, in a large
measure, on the Chairperson of the meeting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Important
Guidelines for Conducting Seminars and Conferences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> It is
important to note the following points while conducting Seminars or Conferences:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Choose a topic which
is most beneficial for all the participants. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Decide the date of
the seminar of conference well in advance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Send invitations to
participants well before the date of the seminar or conference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Check the
availability of the Delegates or Spokespersons or Keynote speakers to be invited for the Seminar/Conference. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Arrange the stay and
hospitality for the Seminar/ Conference in the most appropriate manner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Choose a quiet and
peaceful venue for the Seminar or Conference. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. The electronic
gadgets and equipments, like LCD or Laptop, should be checked well in advance
and kept in proper places. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. The delegates and
participants should be given handouts relevant to the topic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Folders, files,
notepads, pens, etc. should be kept ready for the participants. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. The outcomes,
suggestions, etc. of the Conference/ Seminar should be recorded and kept in
black and white, so that if needed, a White Paper (Suggestion Paper) of the
conference can be prepared and sent to the requisite authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agenda
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agenda is a list of items to be discussed at the
meeting. It is also called Business. It is usually sent with the notice of the
meeting, but it may be sent later if it takes time to prepare it. Items
included in the agenda depend on the type of meeting. According to rules of
conduct of a meeting, apologies for absence received from are member are taken
up and recorded before the agenda is taken up. The agenda begins with the item
"Approval of Minutes" because the minutes of the previous meeting must
be approved and signed before any matter can be taken up by the present
meeting. This item may be written in the agenda as "Minutes" or in
greater detail as "Approval of minutes of previous meeting." The
second item relates to matter arising out of the minutes. This may be indicated
in the agenda as "Matters arising"; however, it is not necessary to
indicate this item in the agenda. The new items are set out after this. Some of
the items are routine requirements, like payments to be passed and cheques to
be signed, Progress reports, Review of activities, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are two ways of writing the points in the
agenda:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the form of nouns, for example, Appointment
of sub-committee to look in to losses…
Proposal to open a branch in…
Membership drive Fund collection Review of the month's activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With an infinitive verb, for example, To
appoint a sub-committee to look into… To
consider a proposal to open a branch …
To organize a membership drive To
collect funds To review activities of the month <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(iii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All the items in an Agenda must be
written in the same style. Different organizations use different style of
writing the items in the agenda. Public Limited companies and some
organizations use a very formal and detailed style while some use informal style
and describe the items in short. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(iv)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When all the items on the agenda have
been dealt with and decisions recorded, the chairman of the meeting may allow
members to raise any items which are not on the agenda, if time permits. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(v)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Chairman may himself raise a matter
which is not included in the agenda. To allow for this, the item "Any
other business with the permission of the Chair" (also written as any
other business) is included at the end of the scheduled business items.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(vi)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The final item is usually, "Date of
next meeting" (also written as Next meeting). It is the usual practice to
fix the date of the next meeting before the current meeting is ended. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(vii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The order of the items on the agenda
cannot be changed during the course of the meeting accept by consent of the
members. The chairman of the meeting must take great care to decide the order
in which the items are to be put on the agenda, especially if there are likely
to be controversies over any of the items. It is desirable to have urgent items
and non-controversial items first. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AGENDA
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. To confirm the minutes of the meeting held on 25
May, 2006 (enclosed)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. To approve
the Revised Budget for the 2005-2006 and the Budget Estimates for the year
2006-07, with or without modifications (will follow) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. To consider applications for Life Membership
(list enclosed)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. To review
the working of the Society and its Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5. Any other
matter permitted by the Chair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 6. Next
meeting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conferences,
seminars and meetings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
"Conferences,
Seminars and meetings refer to an assembly of persons who come together and
deliberate on topics and issues of communicable interest". Meetings and
conferences have become an integral part of business life. They facilitate
exchange of views and as such constitute an important means of interactive
communication. Both these interactive forums facilitate face -to -face
discussions that take place at various levels. They may be employer -employee
meetings, employee meetings and conferences, employee customers meetings and so
on. Seminars are conducted once in a while. A Seminar is a gathering of people,
in which, one or more persons give their presentation on a particular topic, to
enrich the knowledge of the participants of the Seminar. While, in a
conference, all the participants usually express their views on the topic, in a
Seminar, there are a few speakers, who are experts in their own field, give
their views and the audience is gained by the same. Meetings take place more
often than conferences, and also relate to fewer persons. While there can be a
meeting of even two persons, a conference normally connotes an assembly of a
large number of people. Similarly, meetings may take place any number of times
during a day or a week while conferences are normally scheduled annually, bi
annually and so on. While meetings can be both pre -planned and impromptu,
conferences are, by and large, planned in advance. "Meeting is part of
everybody's life"<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
Meetings,
seminars and conferences, when effectively organized and conducted, can play a
significant role in business communication. They facilitate: exchange of information Articulation of alternative viewpoints. Deliberation on specific issues, removal of misconceptions, elaboration and clarification of concepts and
ideas, finalization of plans and strategies, review of performance, Enlistment of support and a host of such
communication needs, so essential in a business or organizational context. They
facilitate intensive interaction with individuals as well as groups, and
achieve mush more than any written communication. Meetings, seminars and
conferences, therefore, are to be seen as an inevitable yet useful medium of
interaction between people in different business and organizations. "Well
-conducted conferences and meetings serve a useful purpose"<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Report<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A report is a presentation and summation of facts,
figures and information either collected or derived. It is a logical and
coherent structuring of information, ideas and concepts. Reports are used in
general, by various professionals. Newspaper correspondents use reports to make
news about an incident or a programme, teachers and lecturers make reports
regarding their school/ institutions or some event happened in the institution.
"A business report is an orderly, unbiased communication of factual information
that serves some business purpose."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reports provide feedback to the manager on various
aspects of organization. The information is needed for reviewing and evaluating
progress, planning for future course of action and taking decisions. As a
neatly structured piece of work, the report, for greater ease in comprehension,
is segregated into various sections. Understanding the import of these
sections, coupled with logical conjoining of the various parts, results in a
well written and presented report.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
report is the ultimate output of investigation efforts. The report format
varies depending upon its purpose and target audience. The presentation of
research reports to ultimate users is the art of communication. Report writing
makes the complex thing simple. Suggestions given in the reports form the basis
for the action plan to be taken. New areas for investigation may also be
identified through reports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TYPES
OF REPORTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reports may be classified in different ways. Reports
may be Long and Short Reports, Formal and Informal Reports, Business/Technical
Reports or Academic/Research Reports<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formal and Informal Reports</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formal Reports are those reports, which are to be
submitted to a higher authority for analysis or for approval. These are
prepared by keeping in mind all the technicalities of report writing. On the
other hand, informal reports are those which are prepared by the person, either
for his own use or for keeping as a record, not for the use of an organization
for any formal purposes. Mostly, the reports prepared in the organizations are
formal reports. In formal reports, proper facts and figures, which can be
substantiated, are used. Informal reports may be based on guess work or
approximation of facts. Examples: Formal Report: Report Submitted by Sales
Manager to General Manager regarding annual sale. Informal Report: Report
submitted by sales assistant to sales manager regarding approximate number of
customers entering the showroom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OUTLINE
OF A REPORT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is no set outline
that can be used in preparing reports. The most appropriate form and contents
of a particular report should be determined by nature of the target audience.
The following is the suggested broad outline of a report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Preliminary pages. Title page is showing the heading. Contents along with chapter headings and page
numbers. Preface and acknowledgements. Foreword.
List of tables. List of graphs and diagrams. Abbreviations <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Main Text (a) Summary, Introduction,
Main findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations (b) Introduction,
Introducing the theme, Review of
related literature Methodology (c)
Results, Statistical analysis, Testing of hypothesis, Conclusions, Recommendations <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. End Matter,
Annexure, Bibliography, Questionnaire, Indexing,
Mathematical derivations,
Appendices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> A few
important aspects regarding the various parts of the reports are briefly
narrated below: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Summary: It is useful to all those who have
little time to read the whole text. Business executives mostly read summaries
of reports. The report is organized on the assumption that everyone will not
like to read all the matter presented in the report. Consequently, a report
should unfold like a news paper article. In other words a summary of the most
important information appears first and the detailed story is shown later on.
The report should begin with objectives, methodology, a brief summary of the
findings of the study along with conclusions and recommendations, which the
presenter has made. The remainder of the report should provide a detailed
discussion of the analysis, interpretation and survey process. The analytical
issues are outlined. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Introduction: The purpose of the introduction is
to discuss the background of the project. This section introduces the problem
at the macro and micro level. An explanation of the nature of the problem and
its history in terms of existing literature related to the research problem.
Firstly, it provides a total picture of the topic presented. This will also
show how the present problem fits into that topic. Secondly, it tells the
readers what research has been carried on the problem. Through that process,
research gap may be identified. Obviously, the investigator must show that this
particular investigation has not been done before. It should clearly indicate
that work is not repeated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Methodology: It broadly includes the objectives
and significance of the study, description of methodology, formulation of
hypothesis, testing and tools of analysis and the technical aspects and
limitation of the study. It tells the reader what was done to solve the
problem. The purpose of this information is two - fold. First, it aims at
satisfying the criterion of reliability, in other words, it must provide the
researchers requisite information to reproduce another piece of research.
Second, it aims at enabling the reader to review the quality and worth of the
study. For that, several questions can be raised. A few questions to be
answered are as follows: What are the
objectives for the study? What sample or
samples are used? What is the sample
size? How are the sample selected, and
why were they so selected? How was field
data collected? What were the techniques
for analysis used? How is the hypothesis
formulated? Whether pilot studies and
pretesting are done to try out the techniques? If yes, what was their
outcome? What method is used for testing
the hypothesis? Whether the study is
experimental or ex-post facto? How is
the collected data verified? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Findings: This presents the inferences derived
from statistical analysis. From the point of view of findings, reports may be
either descriptive or explanatory. The finding is presented in simple language.
The problem in writing a descriptive report is to communicate effectively in
simple language. The audience is provided discrete facts about the population
studied. In a descriptive report, an author has to describe the details of the
findings. The findings should be arranged in the way that makes it easiest for
the reader to understand them quickly. Like a guide, the author helps in
pointing out important findings. Possible interpretations and applications are
also suggested in the report. An explanatory report is different and his
prepared according to any one of the three models, each stemming from a different
set of framework, namely, hypothesis testing, focused argument and the
structural mode: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Hypothesis testing: The report of such studies
is compact and direct. It may begin by stating the hypothesis. It also shows
how they are implied in the theory. It may then describe the methods used to
present the data. Finally, it judges the validity of the hypothesis in the
light of research results. The process of testing the hypothesis is seen
carefully. Chi -square test, time & money test and z test may be used
depending upon the requirement. The level of significance is also decided. A
concluding section might offer some review and reassessment of both hypothesis
and theory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Focussed argument: Another model for an
explanatory report is the legal brief. To the investigator, the data may all
seem to contribute to a single conclusion, and to support a single central
proposition. This will be the most precise presentation. The investigator may
feel then that his task in his report is to win the assent of his readers to
the general conclusion. Unnecessary elaborations distort the central idea.
Focussed idea brings clarity and the audience can understand it in minimum
possible time. A Focussed argument is like a legal brief. This will contain a
central issue. Further, its examination of evidence in terms of its bearing on
that issue also can be made. In this presentation, the line of argument is
extremely important. Unnecessary details are to be avoided. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Structural model: Perhaps the most difficult
conceptual frame work to manage for the presentation of quantitative data is
one that proposes a structural or system model. The model has empirical
relevance. This is prepared more logically. It considers implementation
aspects. A report of this sort might first concern itself with structural
aspects such as the number of personnel at their positions, goals, environment
etc. and then considers all other aspects of the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GUIDELINES
FOR WRITING REPORT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Report writing is an art. It cannot be developed at
a faster pace. The following are the guidelines for writing a report: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Develop thinking: There is high positive
correlation between good thinking and effective writing. If the thinking is
poor, the written draft will not be effective. It is a process of rebuilding
facts into a meaningful whole. This demands patient, deep and alert thinking,
which alone results in clear writing of the report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Divide narrations into paragraphs: In order to
create a better impact and draw the attention of the reader, the narration
should be divided into paragraphs. There should be informative headlines
wherever necessary. Paragraphing is an important feature of any report. It
serve to break the test into readable units. It groups sentences around one
central thought or idea. This is not easy. It is an art. Linking one paragraph
to another is an essential technique for maintaining continuity. By efforts,
better paragraphs can be structured. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Use present tense and active voice: Result should
be valid in the present. Otherwise there is no use in presenting them. The
active voice should be used whenever possible. Passive voice does not put
force. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Minimize technical language or jargons: Clarity,
conciseness, compactness, correctness and simplicity are critical attributes of
good writing. But they are much more important in technical writing. A
technical vocabulary may be an important facilitator of communication among
those who share it. It may serve as a barrier when communicating with others.
If there is a popular word that is equivalent to a technical one, the popular
word should be used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Use visual aids: There should be more and more
use of visual aids in the form of tables and graphs. Visual aids increase the
comprehension rate to illustrate the principal findings of the study. The pace
of reading the material will be higher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Objectivity: The report should be unbiased and
objective supported by facts. All reference are acknowledged. Subjective
reports do not have any weight. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Hiding the respondent's identification: The
report should be written in such a way that it should not disclosed the
identity of respondents. Normally, the researcher specifies this in the
questionnaire itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Rough drafts: It is usually seen that in the
initial draft, the person preparing the report commits some unknown errors
ignorantly. Any slight error in a report can do damage to the entire
organization and the person preparing the report. Therefore, a good and error
-free report should go through at least three drafts: Comprehensive draft Improvement in language, from and style of
the draft. Accurate and authentic draft.
In fact, review of the first draft should be done after some time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Avoid vague expressions: In preparing the final
draft, all vague expressions should be avoided. Vague expressions lead to
ambiguity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Report of Sub -committee: On decline in the
circulation newsmagazine "The Women'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25 June 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Board of Directors Ram Krishna Magazines P.v.t
Ltd. New Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terms of Reference: The sub-committee
was appointed by the following resolution of the Board passed at the meeting held
on 9th May, 2006. "Resolved that a sub -committee consisting of Mr.
Mahajan, convener, and Mr. and Mrs. Ashok is hereby appointed to investigate
the causes of the decline in the circulation of the magazine "The Women'
and to report with recommendations in a month's time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Procedure: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a)
The sub -committee met three times on 11th, 23rd, and 28th May and the views of
the concerned were noted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (b) Thirty small magazine shop owners were
questioned to find out their experience with the sale of women's magazines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (c) One thousand questionnaires were collected
from various reader including our past and present subscribers and members of
women 's associations. Their interviews were sent out for filling in the
questionnaires. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d)
Other women's magazines available in Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata were carefully
compared with the magazines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (e) Circulation figures of the last four years
for our magazines were studied. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(f)
Viewpoints of academicians and management experts are collected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(g)
Opinion of editors of related magazines are obtained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Findings: From the investigations, the sub
-committee arrived at the following conclusions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (a) The decline in the circulation of the
magazine became sharp in March 2005, although there was a gradual decline in
the circulation our the last six month, the fall by over 30% in Oct.2005
coincided with the arrival of a new of a women's magazine, 'Eve's Era' in the
market. While are two competitors, were able to with stand the impact, our
magazine failed to retain its share of the market. This is largely due to the
fact that the quality of our magazine had already begun to deteriorate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b)
The deterioration in quality was traced to the decision to make no increase in
the actual expenditure on paper and to purchase paper in bulk for all the
company's publications. The magazines suffered an immediate setback when it was
allotted the ordinary newsprint. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c)
As a result of using the ordinary newsprint, the photographs and illustrations
became poor in reproduction. This caused reputed photographers, artists, and illustrators
to refuse to contribute to our magazines as it has effected their reputation
adversely. Gradually, reputed writers who used to write regularly for our
magazine began to contribute feature articles to other periodicals. Hence,
there was a general fall in the quality of the magazine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (d) The company's machines are old and obsolete.
The automatic machines are not required. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IV. <b>Recommendations:
<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Adequate funds should be allocated to the
magazine and the Editor be authorized to purchase good quality paper
specifically for the magazine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) The Editor should be instructed to write letter
to reputed writers inviting contributions and offering as and enhanced
honorarium. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) The service of good artists and photographer
should be procured by offering additional attractive terms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) Publicity campaign should be launched to impress
upon the public regarding the improved quality and impressive getup of the
magazine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(e) Automatic printing machines need to be acquired.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(f) The services of professional binders are
obtained. Mr. Mahajan Mr. Ashutosh Mrs. Ashutosh Convener <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FORMAL
REPORTS AND INFORMAL REPORTS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formal
Reports are those reports, which are prepared with complete format of Report
Writing, having a Fly Cover, title page, all the contents in the right order,
including the appendices and bibliography. These take a long time to prepare
and have to be documented and used for a long duration. In comparison to these,
Informal reports are short reports, which may not have the complete format of
report writing. The informal report, or short report, is more condensed than
the formal report, but it is just as important. The writing style and audience
for the short report are the same as for the formal report. The main difference
is the sections that are omitted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.9.1 Outline for the Informal Report Title page<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. title b.
author's name c. course contents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. purpose/ overview <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. importance of the subject matter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. objective(s) for this particular reports<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Description
of Process and Results</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. understanding + description <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. procedure followed for obtaining results <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. important governing equations <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. description of results e. tables and graphs
presenting results <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">f. uncertainties g. relevant comparisons with theory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Discussion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. brief review of results, if necessary <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. discussion (trends in results, comparison with
theory, answers to discussion questions in Report Requirements section)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c.
conclusions supported by data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Things to avoid in Informal Reports: Too much clipart Clutter
Right-justified pages Weird fonts
Tiny type (use 10-12 point; larger is usually better)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formats:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Letter: between organizations Memo (NOT EMAIL): within an organization Report: when the information is more complex
or the findings are longer Standard Forms: when appropriate and available<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Types of Informal Reports Information</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Just the
facts Recommendation: Answers a request
for facts and conclusions/recommendations
Justification: unsolicited advice (not as bad as it sounds) Progress: how those recommendations are
going Summary: the highlights of a
longer report File: follow-ups of often otherwise unrecorded events<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Report Writing Process</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Pre-writing Drafting
Revising/Editing/Proofreading<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formatting Tips </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Use appropriate headings (think of them as
"filing cabinets") Keep
headings parallel Use templates in Word Do customize them to suit your own
project Don't use the
"Contemporary" Template Too
easily recognizable Silly Distracting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Effective
Headings Use different levels (not
unlike a bulleted list) Use parallel
constructions Bold is OK, italics are
OK. Quotation marks are not Keep
headings simple and short, but clear Keep headings absolutely separate from the
body of the report-don't begin your sections with "These."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Preparing
Formal Reports</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Preparation of formal reports is a schematic
procedure and must follow the below mentioned pattern: Analyze the report problem and purpose <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Develop a problem
question eg: Are customers satisfied with our service? <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Develop a purpose
statement eg: The purpose of this report is to investigate customer
satisfaction and to recommend areas for improvement.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anticipate the audience and the issues <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Consider primary and secondary audiences. (What do
they already know? What do they need to know?) <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Divide the major problem into sub problems for
investigation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prepare a work plan <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Include
problem and purpose statements. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p>
<!--[endif]--> <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe sources and methods of collecting data. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Prepare a project
outline and work schedule. Collect data <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Search secondary
sources. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Gather primary
data. Document data sources <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Prepare note cards or
separate sheets citing all references (author, date, source, page, and
quotation). <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Use one documentation
format consistently. Interpret and
organize the data <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Arrange the collected
data in tables, grids, or outlines that help you visualize relationships and interpret
meanings. Prepare the graphics <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Make tables, charts,
graphs, and illustrations - but only if they serve a function. Use graphics to
clarify, condense, simplify, or emphasize your data Compose the first draft <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Write the f<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">irst draft at a computer. Use appropriate headings
as well as transitional expressions to guide the reader. Revise and proofread <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Revise to eliminate
wordiness, ambiguity, and redundancy. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Look for ways to
improve readability, such as using bulleted or numbered lists. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> <b>Proofread three times</b>: <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(1) word or sentence meaning, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) grammar and mechanics, and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(3) formatting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Evaluate the
product <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ask yourself, "Will this report achieve its
purpose"? <!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
</span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> Encourage feedback so
that you can improve future reports <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The formal report must be in proper format and
presented properly with graphs and figures wherever necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-30398079272208292052016-12-16T04:56:00.001-08:002016-12-16T04:56:52.919-08:00UNIT 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES</span></b><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: -44.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><u>Barriers of effective communication<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Anything that obstructs free flow of communication is
called ‘barrier’ to communication. Each communication must be transmitted
through an appropriate medium. An unsuitable medium is one of the biggest
barriers to communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Physical barriers:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Noise:</b>
Noise is quiet often a barrier to communication. If factories, oral
communication is rendered difficult by the loud noise of machines. Electronic
noise like blaring often interferes in communication by telephone or
loudspeaker system. The word ‘noise’ is also used to refer to all kinds of
physical interference like illegible handwriting, smudged copies of duplicated
typescript, poor telephone connections, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Time and
Distance:</b> Time and distance also act as
barriers to the smooth flow of communication. The use of telephone along with
computer technology has made communication very fast and has to a large extent,
overcome the space barrier. However, sometimes mechanical breakdowns render
these facilities ineffective. In such cases, the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver becomes a mighty barrier. Some factories run in
shifts. There is a kind of communication gap between persons working in
different shifts. Faulty seating arrangement in the room can also become a
barrier to effective communication, for whichever seats the employees may be
occupying, they definitely want an eye contact with one another. These barriers
need just a little care to overcome.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Semantic Barriers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><u>Interpretation of words</u>:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Most of the communication is carried on through words.
Words in spoken or in written form are capable of communicating a variety of
meanings. We should understand the meaning of the words according to the
context. But on account of different Social, Economic, Cultural and Educational
backgrounds, people interpret even the contexts differently. The result is
miscommunication. If the receiver of a message doesn’t assign the same meaning
to a word as the transmitter had intended, it leads to miscommunication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Bypassed instructions:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
If the sender and the receiver of the message attribute
different meanings to the same word or use different words for the same
meaning, bypassing occurs. Murphy and Pack have given classic example for
bypassed instruction which can play havoc with the communication process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For example</u>: An office
manager handed to a new assistant one letter with the instruction, “Take it to
our stockroom and burn it.” The manager meant, to make a copy on a company
machine which operated by a heat process. The puzzled new employee, afraid to
ask questions, burned the letter and destroyed it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Denotations and Connotations:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Words have two types of meanings: denotative and
connotative. The literal meaning of a word is called its denotative meaning.
Words like ‘table,’ ‘book,’ accounts’’ ‘meeting’ are denotative. Here only
names of objects are informed without any positive or negative qualities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
In contrast, connotative meanings arouse qualitative
judgments and personal reactions. ‘honest,’ ‘competent,’ ‘cheap,’ ‘sincere,’
etc are connotative words. Few words have favourable connotations in certain
contexts and unfavourable connotations in others. ‘cheap’ is one such word.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For Example:</u> 1. They
gave us cheap stuff. 2. At this shop, they sell things cheap.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
‘Cheap’ in the first sentence refers to quality and has an
unfavourable connotation. In the second sentence it refers to prices and is
favourable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
To minimize semantic barrier, familiar words should be
preferred. Orelse the words intended as a compliment are interpreted as an
insult by the receiver. Always positive connotations should be used instead of
negative connotation. We should clarify the shades.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Socio-Psychological
Barriers<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Attitudes and
opinions: </b>Personal attitude and opinions
often act as barriers to effective communication. People react favourably or
are hostile according as the information is to their personal advantage or not.
If the information is advantageous to an employee, he welcomes it as good or if
it affects him adversely he rejects it.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Emotions: </b>Agitated mind cannot receive or transmit anything
correctly. Emotional state plays an important role in the act of communication.
The communicator should not try to communicate while in a state of emotional
excitement. In the same way, the receiver should not react to the message of his
mind is disturbed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Closed mind: </b>A person with a closed mind is very difficult to
communicate with. He rejects a message or a proposal and reveals deep-rooted
prejudices, opinions and emotions if asked to state his reasons. Closed mind
people react with anger and give a sharp rebuff to anyone who tries to argue
with them. They preclude all possibility of communication by doing so.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Status – consciousness: </b>This exists in every organization and is one of the major
barriers to effective communication. People are over – conscious of their lower
or higher rank and do not express themselves candidly. Such communication
failures can be averted if the managers and other persons in authority rise
above the consciousness of their status and encourage their employees to talk
freely.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>The Source of Communication: </b>If the receiver has a suspicion about or prejudice against
the source of communication, there is likely to be a barrier to communication.
People often react according to their attitude to the source of facts than to
the facts themselves.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ex: If an employee gets compliment from an executive, who
is in the habit of finding fault with his employees, the employee becomes
suspicious and starts attributing motives to the compliment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Faulty transmission: </b>In oral communication, 30% of the information is lost in
each transmission. A message is never communicated from one person to another
in its entirety.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Poor retention: </b>Employees retain only 50% of the information communicated
to them. The rest is lost. Poor retention leads to imperfect responses and
hampers the communication process.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gateways to Effective interpersonal Communication</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to enhance
the effectiveness of communication, we can focus on the following aspects:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Plan the message:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Before we decide to communicate an
idea/information/message, we need to plan it properly. The message should match
the purpose and should be transmitted through the appropriate format.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use Proper language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The language used for a message should
be clear, lucid and appropriate. The density of words used should match with
the level of maturity of the receivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Don’t be evaluative:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If we listen to somebody with
preconceived notions, we won’t be able to receive process and interpret the
message properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Give proper Orientation:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> All the employees should be given proper
orientation regarding the objectives, policies, procedures, and organization
structure and work culture of an organization immediately after they are
recruited. This helps in interpersonal communication as well as communication
with the people at the higher and lower hierarchies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Be an active listener:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Active listening is an art which very
few people can master. Many of us confuse listening with hearing. But listening
demands more attention and interest than hearing, hence it is very important in
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Have an unbiased attitude:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Any person with a biased mind will not
be able to communicate properly with others. Hence it is necessary to train
people to be unbiased through education, counselling and discussions to help
them become good communicators. .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Respond, don't re-act:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> When we are dealing with a problematic
situation or person, we must understand the facts properly and respond
appropriately. If we react in a situation like this, our emotions and feelings
take an upper hand and we end up as bad communicators. Our negative reaction to
people in stressful situations will aggravate the situation and lead to total
collapse of communication. We must respond mindfully rather than re-act emotionally.
Though it requires self-knowledge and discipline, it allows us to be more
effective in our communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Promote congruence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Communication will not be effective
unless and until people are willing to communicate. This willingness to
communicate needs to be inculcated among people to keep them intact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use the grapevine:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The grapevine can be used to predict the
responses of the employees regarding a particular issue. This is mainly useful
for checking plans which are likely to be implemented in future. On the basis
of the responses collected from people, appropriate decisions can be taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Transmit the message in Instalments:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If too much of information is sent
within too short a period of time, it will not be digested by people. So it is
wise to send the information/message in chunks. This makes the transmission of
the message more effective and facilitates feedback. Information overload
results in miscommunication or a complete collapse of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Provide feedback:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In order to enhance the effectiveness of
communication, feedback mechanism should be built into all communication
networks so that necessary amendments can be made to enhance the quality of
communication in future. Suggestions, clarifications, performance reports,
surveys and emphatic listening are some of the feedback mechanism we use to
ensure the success of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Overcome bypassing: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we receive a message, we must respond it
appropriately and immediately. Bypassing it will hamper the transmission of the
message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Maintain semantic accuracy:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While using words with different
connotations we must make it clear in its meaning by providing contextual
clues. Semantic accuracy will improve the effectiveness of communication and
will facilitate timely feedback.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Add some eloquence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While presenting the facts, we should be
able to present them in a seamless manner so that there is eloquence and the
listener does not have any problem in comprehending the logical link between
the facts. This in turn will positively impact communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Improve the ambience: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Improper ambience often mars the communication
between two participants. If people fight in a meeting where a saint is giving
a sermon on world peace, there is no necessity of his sermon. Similarly, if we
are speaking in a crowded place with noises flowing in from all corners, we won’t
be able to drive anything into the minds of the audience. On the other hand, a
calm atmosphere will be appropriate for such an act of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use proper etiquette: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social etiquettes play an important role in
ensuring successful communication. A person may be a master of his/her subject,
but his/her lack of etiquette may mar his/her chances of a promotion. Likewise,
proper telephone etiquettes are also essential for making an act of
communication successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Watch your language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We should opt for clear, positive
language and sincerity to encourage shared understanding and earn the support
of our group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-32241539029378222712016-12-16T04:55:00.007-08:002016-12-16T04:55:38.732-08:00UNIT 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES</span></b><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u>Barriers of effective communication<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anything that obstructs free flow of communication is
called ‘barrier’ to communication. Each communication must be transmitted
through an appropriate medium. An unsuitable medium is one of the biggest
barriers to communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Physical barriers:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Noise:</b>
Noise is quiet often a barrier to communication. If factories, oral
communication is rendered difficult by the loud noise of machines. Electronic
noise like blaring often interferes in communication by telephone or
loudspeaker system. The word ‘noise’ is also used to refer to all kinds of
physical interference like illegible handwriting, smudged copies of duplicated
typescript, poor telephone connections, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Time and
Distance:</b> Time and distance also act as
barriers to the smooth flow of communication. The use of telephone along with
computer technology has made communication very fast and has to a large extent,
overcome the space barrier. However, sometimes mechanical breakdowns render
these facilities ineffective. In such cases, the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver becomes a mighty barrier. Some factories run in
shifts. There is a kind of communication gap between persons working in
different shifts. Faulty seating arrangement in the room can also become a
barrier to effective communication, for whichever seats the employees may be
occupying, they definitely want an eye contact with one another. These barriers
need just a little care to overcome.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Semantic Barriers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u>Interpretation of words</u>:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Most of the communication is carried on through words.
Words in spoken or in written form are capable of communicating a variety of
meanings. We should understand the meaning of the words according to the
context. But on account of different Social, Economic, Cultural and Educational
backgrounds, people interpret even the contexts differently. The result is
miscommunication. If the receiver of a message doesn’t assign the same meaning
to a word as the transmitter had intended, it leads to miscommunication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b>Bypassed instructions:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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If the sender and the receiver of the message attribute
different meanings to the same word or use different words for the same
meaning, bypassing occurs. Murphy and Pack have given classic example for
bypassed instruction which can play havoc with the communication process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For example</u>: An office
manager handed to a new assistant one letter with the instruction, “Take it to
our stockroom and burn it.” The manager meant, to make a copy on a company
machine which operated by a heat process. The puzzled new employee, afraid to
ask questions, burned the letter and destroyed it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Denotations and Connotations:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Words have two types of meanings: denotative and
connotative. The literal meaning of a word is called its denotative meaning.
Words like ‘table,’ ‘book,’ accounts’’ ‘meeting’ are denotative. Here only
names of objects are informed without any positive or negative qualities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
In contrast, connotative meanings arouse qualitative
judgments and personal reactions. ‘honest,’ ‘competent,’ ‘cheap,’ ‘sincere,’
etc are connotative words. Few words have favourable connotations in certain
contexts and unfavourable connotations in others. ‘cheap’ is one such word.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For Example:</u> 1. They
gave us cheap stuff. 2. At this shop, they sell things cheap.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
‘Cheap’ in the first sentence refers to quality and has an
unfavourable connotation. In the second sentence it refers to prices and is
favourable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
To minimize semantic barrier, familiar words should be
preferred. Orelse the words intended as a compliment are interpreted as an
insult by the receiver. Always positive connotations should be used instead of
negative connotation. We should clarify the shades.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Socio-Psychological
Barriers<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Attitudes and
opinions: </b>Personal attitude and opinions
often act as barriers to effective communication. People react favourably or
are hostile according as the information is to their personal advantage or not.
If the information is advantageous to an employee, he welcomes it as good or if
it affects him adversely he rejects it.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Emotions: </b>Agitated mind cannot receive or transmit anything
correctly. Emotional state plays an important role in the act of communication.
The communicator should not try to communicate while in a state of emotional
excitement. In the same way, the receiver should not react to the message of his
mind is disturbed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Closed mind: </b>A person with a closed mind is very difficult to
communicate with. He rejects a message or a proposal and reveals deep-rooted
prejudices, opinions and emotions if asked to state his reasons. Closed mind
people react with anger and give a sharp rebuff to anyone who tries to argue
with them. They preclude all possibility of communication by doing so.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Status – consciousness: </b>This exists in every organization and is one of the major
barriers to effective communication. People are over – conscious of their lower
or higher rank and do not express themselves candidly. Such communication
failures can be averted if the managers and other persons in authority rise
above the consciousness of their status and encourage their employees to talk
freely.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>The Source of Communication: </b>If the receiver has a suspicion about or prejudice against
the source of communication, there is likely to be a barrier to communication.
People often react according to their attitude to the source of facts than to
the facts themselves.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ex: If an employee gets compliment from an executive, who
is in the habit of finding fault with his employees, the employee becomes
suspicious and starts attributing motives to the compliment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Faulty transmission: </b>In oral communication, 30% of the information is lost in
each transmission. A message is never communicated from one person to another
in its entirety.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Poor retention: </b>Employees retain only 50% of the information communicated
to them. The rest is lost. Poor retention leads to imperfect responses and
hampers the communication process.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gateways to Effective interpersonal Communication</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to enhance
the effectiveness of communication, we can focus on the following aspects:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Plan the message:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Before we decide to communicate an
idea/information/message, we need to plan it properly. The message should match
the purpose and should be transmitted through the appropriate format.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use Proper language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The language used for a message should
be clear, lucid and appropriate. The density of words used should match with
the level of maturity of the receivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Don’t be evaluative:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If we listen to somebody with
preconceived notions, we won’t be able to receive process and interpret the
message properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Give proper Orientation:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> All the employees should be given proper
orientation regarding the objectives, policies, procedures, and organization
structure and work culture of an organization immediately after they are
recruited. This helps in interpersonal communication as well as communication
with the people at the higher and lower hierarchies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Be an active listener:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Active listening is an art which very
few people can master. Many of us confuse listening with hearing. But listening
demands more attention and interest than hearing, hence it is very important in
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Have an unbiased attitude:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Any person with a biased mind will not
be able to communicate properly with others. Hence it is necessary to train
people to be unbiased through education, counselling and discussions to help
them become good communicators. .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Respond, don't re-act:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> When we are dealing with a problematic
situation or person, we must understand the facts properly and respond
appropriately. If we react in a situation like this, our emotions and feelings
take an upper hand and we end up as bad communicators. Our negative reaction to
people in stressful situations will aggravate the situation and lead to total
collapse of communication. We must respond mindfully rather than re-act emotionally.
Though it requires self-knowledge and discipline, it allows us to be more
effective in our communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Promote congruence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Communication will not be effective
unless and until people are willing to communicate. This willingness to
communicate needs to be inculcated among people to keep them intact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use the grapevine:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The grapevine can be used to predict the
responses of the employees regarding a particular issue. This is mainly useful
for checking plans which are likely to be implemented in future. On the basis
of the responses collected from people, appropriate decisions can be taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Transmit the message in Instalments:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If too much of information is sent
within too short a period of time, it will not be digested by people. So it is
wise to send the information/message in chunks. This makes the transmission of
the message more effective and facilitates feedback. Information overload
results in miscommunication or a complete collapse of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Provide feedback:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In order to enhance the effectiveness of
communication, feedback mechanism should be built into all communication
networks so that necessary amendments can be made to enhance the quality of
communication in future. Suggestions, clarifications, performance reports,
surveys and emphatic listening are some of the feedback mechanism we use to
ensure the success of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Overcome bypassing: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we receive a message, we must respond it
appropriately and immediately. Bypassing it will hamper the transmission of the
message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Maintain semantic accuracy:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While using words with different
connotations we must make it clear in its meaning by providing contextual
clues. Semantic accuracy will improve the effectiveness of communication and
will facilitate timely feedback.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Add some eloquence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While presenting the facts, we should be
able to present them in a seamless manner so that there is eloquence and the
listener does not have any problem in comprehending the logical link between
the facts. This in turn will positively impact communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Improve the ambience: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Improper ambience often mars the communication
between two participants. If people fight in a meeting where a saint is giving
a sermon on world peace, there is no necessity of his sermon. Similarly, if we
are speaking in a crowded place with noises flowing in from all corners, we won’t
be able to drive anything into the minds of the audience. On the other hand, a
calm atmosphere will be appropriate for such an act of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use proper etiquette: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social etiquettes play an important role in
ensuring successful communication. A person may be a master of his/her subject,
but his/her lack of etiquette may mar his/her chances of a promotion. Likewise,
proper telephone etiquettes are also essential for making an act of
communication successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Watch your language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We should opt for clear, positive
language and sincerity to encourage shared understanding and earn the support
of our group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-91787375887644341982016-12-16T04:55:00.005-08:002016-12-16T04:55:36.727-08:00UNIT 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES</span></b><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><u>Barriers of effective communication<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Anything that obstructs free flow of communication is
called ‘barrier’ to communication. Each communication must be transmitted
through an appropriate medium. An unsuitable medium is one of the biggest
barriers to communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Physical barriers:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Noise:</b>
Noise is quiet often a barrier to communication. If factories, oral
communication is rendered difficult by the loud noise of machines. Electronic
noise like blaring often interferes in communication by telephone or
loudspeaker system. The word ‘noise’ is also used to refer to all kinds of
physical interference like illegible handwriting, smudged copies of duplicated
typescript, poor telephone connections, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Time and
Distance:</b> Time and distance also act as
barriers to the smooth flow of communication. The use of telephone along with
computer technology has made communication very fast and has to a large extent,
overcome the space barrier. However, sometimes mechanical breakdowns render
these facilities ineffective. In such cases, the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver becomes a mighty barrier. Some factories run in
shifts. There is a kind of communication gap between persons working in
different shifts. Faulty seating arrangement in the room can also become a
barrier to effective communication, for whichever seats the employees may be
occupying, they definitely want an eye contact with one another. These barriers
need just a little care to overcome.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Semantic Barriers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<b><u>Interpretation of words</u>:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Most of the communication is carried on through words.
Words in spoken or in written form are capable of communicating a variety of
meanings. We should understand the meaning of the words according to the
context. But on account of different Social, Economic, Cultural and Educational
backgrounds, people interpret even the contexts differently. The result is
miscommunication. If the receiver of a message doesn’t assign the same meaning
to a word as the transmitter had intended, it leads to miscommunication.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Bypassed instructions:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
If the sender and the receiver of the message attribute
different meanings to the same word or use different words for the same
meaning, bypassing occurs. Murphy and Pack have given classic example for
bypassed instruction which can play havoc with the communication process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For example</u>: An office
manager handed to a new assistant one letter with the instruction, “Take it to
our stockroom and burn it.” The manager meant, to make a copy on a company
machine which operated by a heat process. The puzzled new employee, afraid to
ask questions, burned the letter and destroyed it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Denotations and Connotations:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Words have two types of meanings: denotative and
connotative. The literal meaning of a word is called its denotative meaning.
Words like ‘table,’ ‘book,’ accounts’’ ‘meeting’ are denotative. Here only
names of objects are informed without any positive or negative qualities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
In contrast, connotative meanings arouse qualitative
judgments and personal reactions. ‘honest,’ ‘competent,’ ‘cheap,’ ‘sincere,’
etc are connotative words. Few words have favourable connotations in certain
contexts and unfavourable connotations in others. ‘cheap’ is one such word.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<u>For Example:</u> 1. They
gave us cheap stuff. 2. At this shop, they sell things cheap.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
‘Cheap’ in the first sentence refers to quality and has an
unfavourable connotation. In the second sentence it refers to prices and is
favourable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
To minimize semantic barrier, familiar words should be
preferred. Orelse the words intended as a compliment are interpreted as an
insult by the receiver. Always positive connotations should be used instead of
negative connotation. We should clarify the shades.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Socio-Psychological
Barriers<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Attitudes and
opinions: </b>Personal attitude and opinions
often act as barriers to effective communication. People react favourably or
are hostile according as the information is to their personal advantage or not.
If the information is advantageous to an employee, he welcomes it as good or if
it affects him adversely he rejects it.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Emotions: </b>Agitated mind cannot receive or transmit anything
correctly. Emotional state plays an important role in the act of communication.
The communicator should not try to communicate while in a state of emotional
excitement. In the same way, the receiver should not react to the message of his
mind is disturbed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Closed mind: </b>A person with a closed mind is very difficult to
communicate with. He rejects a message or a proposal and reveals deep-rooted
prejudices, opinions and emotions if asked to state his reasons. Closed mind
people react with anger and give a sharp rebuff to anyone who tries to argue
with them. They preclude all possibility of communication by doing so.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Status – consciousness: </b>This exists in every organization and is one of the major
barriers to effective communication. People are over – conscious of their lower
or higher rank and do not express themselves candidly. Such communication
failures can be averted if the managers and other persons in authority rise
above the consciousness of their status and encourage their employees to talk
freely.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>The Source of Communication: </b>If the receiver has a suspicion about or prejudice against
the source of communication, there is likely to be a barrier to communication.
People often react according to their attitude to the source of facts than to
the facts themselves.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ex: If an employee gets compliment from an executive, who
is in the habit of finding fault with his employees, the employee becomes
suspicious and starts attributing motives to the compliment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Faulty transmission: </b>In oral communication, 30% of the information is lost in
each transmission. A message is never communicated from one person to another
in its entirety.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Poor retention: </b>Employees retain only 50% of the information communicated
to them. The rest is lost. Poor retention leads to imperfect responses and
hampers the communication process.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gateways to Effective interpersonal Communication</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to enhance
the effectiveness of communication, we can focus on the following aspects:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Plan the message:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Before we decide to communicate an
idea/information/message, we need to plan it properly. The message should match
the purpose and should be transmitted through the appropriate format.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use Proper language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The language used for a message should
be clear, lucid and appropriate. The density of words used should match with
the level of maturity of the receivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Don’t be evaluative:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If we listen to somebody with
preconceived notions, we won’t be able to receive process and interpret the
message properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Give proper Orientation:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> All the employees should be given proper
orientation regarding the objectives, policies, procedures, and organization
structure and work culture of an organization immediately after they are
recruited. This helps in interpersonal communication as well as communication
with the people at the higher and lower hierarchies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Be an active listener:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Active listening is an art which very
few people can master. Many of us confuse listening with hearing. But listening
demands more attention and interest than hearing, hence it is very important in
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Have an unbiased attitude:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Any person with a biased mind will not
be able to communicate properly with others. Hence it is necessary to train
people to be unbiased through education, counselling and discussions to help
them become good communicators. .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Respond, don't re-act:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> When we are dealing with a problematic
situation or person, we must understand the facts properly and respond
appropriately. If we react in a situation like this, our emotions and feelings
take an upper hand and we end up as bad communicators. Our negative reaction to
people in stressful situations will aggravate the situation and lead to total
collapse of communication. We must respond mindfully rather than re-act emotionally.
Though it requires self-knowledge and discipline, it allows us to be more
effective in our communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Promote congruence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Communication will not be effective
unless and until people are willing to communicate. This willingness to
communicate needs to be inculcated among people to keep them intact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use the grapevine:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The grapevine can be used to predict the
responses of the employees regarding a particular issue. This is mainly useful
for checking plans which are likely to be implemented in future. On the basis
of the responses collected from people, appropriate decisions can be taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Transmit the message in Instalments:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If too much of information is sent
within too short a period of time, it will not be digested by people. So it is
wise to send the information/message in chunks. This makes the transmission of
the message more effective and facilitates feedback. Information overload
results in miscommunication or a complete collapse of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Provide feedback:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In order to enhance the effectiveness of
communication, feedback mechanism should be built into all communication
networks so that necessary amendments can be made to enhance the quality of
communication in future. Suggestions, clarifications, performance reports,
surveys and emphatic listening are some of the feedback mechanism we use to
ensure the success of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Overcome bypassing: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we receive a message, we must respond it
appropriately and immediately. Bypassing it will hamper the transmission of the
message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Maintain semantic accuracy:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While using words with different
connotations we must make it clear in its meaning by providing contextual
clues. Semantic accuracy will improve the effectiveness of communication and
will facilitate timely feedback.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Add some eloquence:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> While presenting the facts, we should be
able to present them in a seamless manner so that there is eloquence and the
listener does not have any problem in comprehending the logical link between
the facts. This in turn will positively impact communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Improve the ambience: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Improper ambience often mars the communication
between two participants. If people fight in a meeting where a saint is giving
a sermon on world peace, there is no necessity of his sermon. Similarly, if we
are speaking in a crowded place with noises flowing in from all corners, we won’t
be able to drive anything into the minds of the audience. On the other hand, a
calm atmosphere will be appropriate for such an act of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Use proper etiquette: </span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social etiquettes play an important role in
ensuring successful communication. A person may be a master of his/her subject,
but his/her lack of etiquette may mar his/her chances of a promotion. Likewise,
proper telephone etiquettes are also essential for making an act of
communication successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Watch your language:</span></b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We should opt for clear, positive
language and sincerity to encourage shared understanding and earn the support
of our group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-44331092844718883512016-12-07T00:57:00.000-08:002016-12-07T00:57:11.026-08:00I MBA MCSS II UNIT <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -1.0cm; margin-right: -30.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm -30.65pt 0.0001pt -1cm;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNIT – 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organizational
communication</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> is a subfield of the larger discipline
of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">communication studies</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Organizational
communication, as a field, is the consideration, analysis, and criticism of the
role of communication in organizational contexts. Its main function is to
inform, persuade and promote goodwill. The flow of communication could be
either formal or informal. Communication flowing through formal channels are
downward, horizontal and upward whereas communication through informal channels
are generally termed as grapevine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A. Communication According to Organizational Structure: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Formal Communication: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Such a communication is
that which is associated with the formal organization structure and the
official status or the position of the communicator and the receiver. It
travels through the formal channels officially recognized positions in the organization
chart. Formal communication is mostly in black and white.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Thus, it is a deliberate
attempt to regulate the flow of communication so as to ensure that information
flows smoothly, accurately and timely. Formal communication is a deliberate
attempt to regulate the flow of communication so as to ensure that information
flows smoothly, accurately and timely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/clip_image00293.jpg"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></b></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">We frequently come across
the phrase ‘through proper channel’. It emphasizes the essence of formal
channel of communication. For example, when the General Manager issues
instructions (because of his senior position in the organization), it is formal
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The forms of formal
communication are as under: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (i)
Departmental meetings,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(ii) Conference,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iii) Telephone calls,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iv) Company news bulletins,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(v) Special interviews and special purpose
publications and messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The main advantage of the
formal communication is that the official channels enable the routine and standardized
information to pass without claiming much of managerial attention. Essentially,
executives and managers may devote most of their precious time on matters of
utmost significance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">But at the same time, the
weakness of formal communication should not go unaccounted. Communication
through channel of command greatly obstructs free and uninterrupted flow of
information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2.
Informal Communication:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Informal communication is
also known as ‘Grapevine’. It is free from all sorts of formalities because it
is used on informal relationships between the parties, such as friendship,
membership in the same club or association.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Persons at the executive
levels also use informal communication when they find it difficult to collect
information from the workers. Such communication includes comments, suggestions
etc. It may be conveyed by a simple glance, gesture, smile or mere silence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Managers and executives
also favour the growth and development of informal network of communication off
and on. This process, In fact, serves a very useful purpose in disseminating
certain information which, in the general interest of the organization, cannot
be transmitted through the official channels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Apart from that, it also
offers the high and higher ups a clearer insight into what the subordinates
think and feel. But at the same time, the weaknesses of the informal
communication are also worth noting. It may be mentioned that this process very
often tends to pass distorted, misinterpreted, and inaccurate and half- truth
information and facts, depending on the circumstances and the message. But
still, executives and managers cannot do away with informal communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Types of Communication:</u> </b>Each
business house is concerned with two types of communication: External and
Internal. Externally, it has to communicate with other business houses, banks,
government offices, the press, customers and general public. Internal
communication consists in transmitting information within the organization.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Internal
communication could be of two types: Formal and Informal. Staff Meetings, Union
Management Meeting, Branch Managers Conferences Periodical Sales Review
Meetings and Customer Meets fall under Formal Communication. Informal
Communication takes place through chats, conversations, informal talks etc.
Grapevine is the best example for informal communication.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, GRAPEVINE, CONSENSUS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b> DOWNWARD
/ UPWARD<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Downward Communication</u>: </b>Downward Communication moves from top to
the bottom, i.e., from a superior to a subordinate .The Managing Director
communicating with the departmental Heads, a Manager giving a directive to an
Assistant Manager or a Superior, a Foreman instructing a worker etc are engaged
in the process of downward communication. Orders, Individual Instructions,
Policy Statements, Job-Sheets, Circulars, etc, fall under downward
communication.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Upward Communication</u>: </b>Any communication that moves from
Employees to Supervisors, Supervisors to Managers, Managers to Executives,
Regional Manager to General Manager and so on is known as the upward
communication. It moves from bottom to top levels in the hierarchy. Employee
suggestions, market reports, performance reports, feedback on new products and
requests for facilities or instructions are all examples of upward
communication. Channels of upward communications are; Superiors keep an open
door complaints-and suggestions boxes, social gatherings, direct correspondence,
reports and counseling.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Horizontal Communication:</u> </b>Communication
between departments or people on the same level in the managerial hierarchy of
an organization may be termed as Horizontal or Lateral Communication. It is
both upward now downward but proceeds in a horizontal manner and takes place
among equals and at peer level. It is carried on through face-to-face
discussion, telephonic talk, periodical meetings and memos.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Grapevine Communication:</u> </b>Grapevine
is informal channel of communication. It doesn’t follow any set lines or nay
definite rules. It spreads like the grapevine, in any direction anywhere, and
spreads fast. It spreads by way of gossip and rumors. Primarily grapevine is a
channel of horizontal communication but it can flow even vertically and
diagonally. Specialists in this field have identified four types of grapevine
chains.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) Single
Strand Chain: It flows like a chain, i.e., ‘A’ tells something to ‘B’ who tells
it to ‘C’ and so on.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(2) Gossip
Chain: One person tells everybody else. This chain passes a message regarding a
‘not-on-job’ nature.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(3) Probability
Chain: here information may move from anybody to anybody. This chain is found
when the information is somewhat interesting but not really significant.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(4) Cluster
Chain: This moves through selected groups. ‘A’ tells something to a few
selected individuals and then some of these individuals inform a few other
selected individuals. Cluster chain is the dominant grapevine pattern in an
organization. Most informal communication flows through this chain.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Importance of Grapevine:</u> </b>It
gives emotional relief. It transmits information very speedily. The managers or
top bosses of an organization get feedback regarding their policies, decisions,
memos etc. the feedback reaches them much faster through the informal channel
than through the formal channel. The grapevine functions as a supplementary or
parallel channel of communication. Whatever is deemed to be unsuitable for the
formal channels can be successfully transmitted through the grapevine.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Demerits:</u> </b>The information spread
through grapevine is less credible than the one given by the formal channel. It
doesn’t always carry the complete information. It often misinforms as its
origin lies in the rumor mill. It may spread any kind of stories about
responsible people and thus may spoil the image of the organization.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Effective use of Grapevine:</u> </b>The
manager should organize fruitful group activities so as to enhance the
self-worth of the employees and update their knowledge. The manager should keep
an eye on rumor-mongers. He should tactfully identify the leaders and won their
confidence. As far as possible, the employees, through their leaders, should be
made partners in the decision making process. A tactful manager will keep the
employees well informed so that they may not spread rumors. The manager should
try to get feedback on his style of functioning and work for continuous
improvement. A manager must be a good empathic listener. This way the employees
or the leaders will feel free to talk to him rather than indulge in rumor
mongering.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Consensus:</u> </b>The consensus process
is often used to bring about agreement between the managements and the trade
unions. Consensus is the process of arriving at agreement through consultation.
Here a majority of people subscribe to a particular view which all the members
are willing to accept in the larger interest of the organization. Consensus
decisions promote harmony. It checks conflicts and splits.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
One
very obvious disadvantage of the consensus process is that a member is forced
to subscribe to a view he does not hold. Dissent is often stifled in the name
of consensus. It may degenerate into process of mutual accommodation. It may
project a false image of the management.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Model
for Interpersonal Communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exchange
Theory<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exchange
theory provides a conceptual frame work by considering what is being exchanged
in interpersonal relations. This concept holds that interpersonal motives
depend on the reward value gained from the relationship and that individuals
involved in a relations need to feel that each is contributing equally i.e,
other rewards are equal to what is given. If over a period of time one person
feels he or she is contributing too much or too little to a relationship that
person is likely to discontinue that relationship. In this theory, one was view
interpersonal acts as commodities to be exchanged. Such commodities would
include information, expertise, status and love, as well as money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Example:
A manager allows his or her subordinate to break some company rules of little
consequence like taking unactivised break if they above completed a job. When a
comes up where a little extra effort is need from the workers the manager is in
a position to ask them for extra effort since they have received something from
the manager in exchange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-67749999364107260022016-12-07T00:45:00.000-08:002016-12-07T00:45:20.848-08:00I MBA MCSS I UNIT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERIN AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I MBA : Managerial Communication and Soft Skills
NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DR. SHAIK
SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">MBA.,
MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL ID</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : </span></b><a href="mailto:taj.mam@gmail.com"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">taj.mam@gmail.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com/"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.Knowledgeable-arts.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT:
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ROLE
OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTRODUCTION:</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
word “communication” derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to
impart, to participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange
of facts, ideas, and opinions and as a means that individual or organization
share meaning and understanding with one another. In other words, it is a
transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes.
It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond
boundaries that has ushered the progress of mankind. It is the ability of
fostering speedy and effective communication around the world that has shrunk
the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to
play in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or
linguistic group interact with and relate to people belonging to other
countries or culture or linguistic group. Communication adds meaning to human
life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It
enriches our knowledge of the universe and makes living worthwhile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROLE OF
COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive
for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization,
conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and so on. Business
communication is marked by formality as against personal and social
communication. The success of any business to a large extent depends on
efficient and effective communication. It takes place among business entities,
in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of
employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and
customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the
organization and the press persons. All such communication impacts business.
Done with care, such communication can promote business interests. Otherwise,
it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect the
business interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication
is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to effect change
to influence action. In any organization the main problem is of maintaining
effective communication process. The management problem generally results in
poor communication. Serious mistakes are made because orders are misunderstood.
The basic problem in communication is that the meaning which is actually
understood may not be what the other intended to send. It must be realised that
the speaker and the listener are two separate individuals having their own
limitations and number of things may happen to distort the message that pass
between them. When people within the organization communicate with each other,
it is internal communication. They do so to work as a team and realise the
common goals. It could be official or unofficial. Modes of internal
communication include face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports,
office order, circular, fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. are the examples
of internal communication. When people in the organization communicate with
anyone outside the organization it is called external communication. These
people may be clients or customers, dealers or distributors, media, government,
general public etc. are the examples of external communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEFINITIONS
OF COMMUNICATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication
may be defined as interchange of thought or information between two or more
persons to bring about mutual understanding and desired action. It is the
information exchange by words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas
and viewpoints, which bring about commonness of interest, purpose and efforts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American
Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behaviour that results in
an exchange of meaning’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter
Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which
information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an
understanding response result’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Newman and Summer Jr. state that,
‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or
more persons’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> According to Keith Davis: ‘The process of
passing the information and understanding from one person to another. It is
essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a
person can safely across the river of misunderstanding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore, the main purpose of
communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point of view or to
elicit action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OBJECTIVES
OF COMMUNICATION/ </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Communication has many objectives depending upon the group
and context. It is goal-oriented. The dominant objective of communication is;
to instruct, to integrate, to inform, to evaluate, to direct, to teach, to educate, to train, to motivate, to
integrate, to promote, to entertain and to facilitate decision-making. The
activities of any organization require both people within and people outside to
act, interact, reach share, exchange and get across to each other so that
specific objectives are accomplished in an effective manner.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. For instruction: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals
with the commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this,
the communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next
level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular tasks. In this,
instructions basically flow from top to the lower level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. For integration: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is
consolidated function under which integration of activities is endeavored. The
integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about
inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It
helps in the unification of different management functions. Communication provides the means for an integrated
approach in pursuing organizational goals. Communication binds people working
for a common objective and helps team-building. The success of any business
organization depends upon good business relationships. Communication provides
the means for building and nurturing mutually beneficial relationships.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. For information: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
first and foremost objective of any communication is to inform. This objective
covers a wide range of areas, both internal and external.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
purposes or function of communication in an organization is to inform the
individual or group about the particular task or company policies and
procedures etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the
middle level. In turn, the lower level informs the top level the reaction
through the middle level. Information can flow vertically, horizontally and
diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or inform others is the
main purpose of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. For evaluation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Examination of activities to form an idea or judgment of
the worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to
appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization.
Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s outputs or some ideological scheme
demands an adequate and effective communication process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. For direction:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top
management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he
is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either orally
or in writing. An order may be common order, request order or implied order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. For teaching: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another
objective of communication in an organization is to educate. This is done
through product literature, publicity, presentations and demonstrations. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A
complete communication process is required to teach and educate workers about
personal safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert
accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost, procedures etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. For influencing: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A complete
communication process is necessary in influencing others or being influenced.
The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade others.
It implies the provision of feedback, which tells the effect of communication. To pursue goals and to achieve higher levels of
performance people in business organization are motivated. Talks, lectures,
films, meetings, workshops and non-verbal messages are the means to motivate
people. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. For image building: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the
society. There is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and
an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily
created among the public. It can be done by the communication with the
different media, which has to project the image of the firm in the society.
Through an effective external communication system, an enterprise has to inform
the society about its goals, activities, progress and social responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. For employees orientation: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a new employee enters into the organization at that
time he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies, culture
etc. Communication helps to make people acquainted with the co-employees,
superior and with the policies, objectives, rules and regulations of the
organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>10. To train: </b>To achieve proficiency in specific skills business
organizations train the people. Training sessions involve teaching,
instruction, demonstration, practice and discussion. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>11. To promote:</b> Promotion is a must for any organization to fully achieve
its objectives. Communication constitutes the basic plank on which promotional
strategies are built.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>12. 13. To
entertain: </b>Communication facilitates
entertainment. It facilitates social bond and brings in lighter moments that
help in releasing tension and getting rid of negative feeling. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>14. To Decide: </b>Effective
decision-making is possible when required and adequate information is supplied
to the decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision-
making.<b> </b>Decision making constitutes an important function for any
business organization. Communication both oral and written facilitates
decision-making in any business organization.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary information
so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE
COMMUNICATION PROCESS/CYCLE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
transmission of sender’s ideas to the receiver and the receiver’s feedback or
reaction to the sender constitute the communication cycle. The process of
communication begins when one person (the sender) wants to transmit a fact,
idea, opinion or other information to someone else (the receiver). This facts,
idea or opinion has meaning to the sender. The next step is translating or
converting the message into a language which reflects the idea. That is the
message must be encoded. The encoding process is influenced by content of the
message, the familiarity of sender and receiver and other situation of factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After
the message has been encoded, it is transmitted through the appropriate channel
or medium. Common channel in organization includes meetings, reports,
memorandums, letters, e-mail, fax and telephone calls. When the message is
received, it is decoded, by the receiver and gives feedback to the sender as
the conformation about the particular message has been carefully understand or
not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The process of communication
involves the following elements:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Sender or transmitter: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The person who desires to convey the message is known as
sender. Sender initiates the message and changes the behavior of the receiver.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Message: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a subject matter of any communication. It may involve
any fact, idea, opinion or information. It must exist in the mind of the sender
if communication is to take place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Encoding: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The communicator of the information organises his idea into
series of symbols (words, signs, etc.) which, he feels will communicate to the
intended receiver or receivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. <b>Communication channel: </b>The
sender has to select the channel for sending the information. Communication
channel is the media through which the message passes. It is the link that
connects the sender and the receiver.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Receiver: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The person who receives the message is called receiver or
receiver is the person to whom the particular message is sent by the
transmitter. The communication process is incomplete without the existence of
receiver of the message. It is a receiver who receives and tries to understand
the message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Decoding: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Decoding is the process of interpretation of an encoded
message into the understandable meaning. Decoding helps the receiver to drive
meaning from the message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Feedback: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication is an exchange process. For the exchange to be
complete, the information must go back to whom from where it started (or
sender), so that he can know the reaction of the receiver. The reaction or
response of the receiver is known as feedback.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Brain drain: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On whole process there is a possibility of misunderstandings
at any level and is called brain drain. It may arise on sender side if they do
not choose the adequate medium for delivery of message, by using default
channel and it may also arise when receiver does not properly decode the
message. In other words, we can say that it is breakdown of cycle at any level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Media
of communication:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medium
is the means of transmitting a message. Some media carry written words and/ or
pictures/graphics and other media carry the voice. Electronic media can carry
both voice and words. The message can be transmitted by any suitable medium.
Each medium has its own characteristics which are advantageous in one situation
and disadvantageous in another situation. Each medium makes a different kind of
impression and impact on the receiver. The medium of communication is selected
keeping in view the following Considerations: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <b>Type of
Audience</b>: If the audience we want to reach is educated, then the written
form of communication may be used, but in case of uneducated audience,
pictures, symbols or voice may be more suitable. Similarly, depending upon who
is the receiver, the medium of communication is selected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <b>Need for
Secrecy</b>: If confidentiality is required for the message to be transmitted,
it can not be sent by media like telex or fax, even if the message is urgent.
The choice of the media will definitely be influenced by the requirement of
secrecy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3. <b>Need for Accuracy</b>: Need for accuracy in
transmission is not the same for all the messages. The alphabetical data may
not need as much accuracy as the numerical data does, so the selection of media
to send such data must be done with due consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4. <b>Need for Reliability</b>: Need for
reliability of the medium is an important factor. Sending a message by hand
delivery is more reliable than ordinary mail; Similarly, registered post is
more reliable than ordinary mail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5. <b>Speed/ Time Considerations</b>: The
pressure of time and the distance between the sender and the receiver influence
the choice of the medium. Media like telephone, telex, fax and email are the
fastest in this case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. <b>Cost of
the Medium</b>: Cost of the medium, keeping in view its urgency and relative
importance is one major factor to be considered. If the message is not very
urgent or important, low cost media, like ordinary post, etc. may be chosen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 7. <b>Availability of a Medium</b>: A particular
medium should be available to the sender as well as the receiver for the
message to be transmitted. The sender can send the message through telephone
only if the receiver has this facility available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 8. <b>Feedback Capacity</b>: For some messages,
immediate feedback is required. In such a case, that medium should be chosen,
which has the capacity for immediate feedback, like the telephone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. <b>Availability
of a Printed</b> <b>( hard copy) for
record:</b> If a printed copy of the message is require for record, then the
message can not be transmitted by oral or vocal mediums like telephone. In this
case, letter, e mail or fax may be suitable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10<b>.
Requirement of the Situation</b>: Sometimes, a particular situation may create
the need for a particular medium of transmission. For example, to offer a
formal note of thanks or to officially congratulate somebody, a written
communication may be more suitable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11. <b>Intensity
and complexity of the message</b>: Many messages have an emotional content, or
may be complex in nature or carry an intense result with them. Care has to be
taken while choosing the medium for such messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Written
Communication:</u> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Oral Communication comes naturally and spontaneously to
man, but Written Communication requires a lot of effort. Written Communication
is a creative activity. The more creative and imaginative the writers the
brighter the image of the company is. The power of writing is eloquently
expressed in the saying “The pen is mightier than the sword”. We cannot think
of a business organization without Written Communication. It takes place by way
of letters, circulars, memos, reports, brochures, books etc. It is the backbone
of an organization. Almost all formal communication is written.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Merits of
Written Communication</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) It has an extremely wide reach<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(2) It avoids embarrassing situation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(3) It provides us records, references etc., on which
important decisions rest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(4) It can be erased and rewritten<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(5) It builds up the image of the company.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(6) It builds up the legal defenses of the organization
through records, letters, instructions etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(7) It promotes uniformity of policy and procedure and
builds up proper guidelines for the working of the organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(8) It dependsless on memory since facts and figures can be
mobilized beforehand.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Demerits of
Written Communication</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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(1) It takes time to reach its target. Immediate feedback
is not possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(2) It costs a lot to the organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(3) It becomes ineffective in the hands of people who are
poor in expression. It depends on word power.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(4) Absence of immediate clarification. It is less
interactive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(5) It depends on the messenger and the mode of
transmission.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(6) It is constrained by language, hand writing and
efficiency of the tools used.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><u>Methods of Communication:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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The three main methods of communication are Oral or Verbal
Communication, Written Communication and Non-Verbal Communication. These three
methods have their own merits and demerits.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><b>Oral
Communication</b>: </u><o:p></o:p></div>
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<u><br /></u></div>
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Spoken Communication or the communication employing speech
is known as Oral Communication. Oral Communication plays a vital role in
everyday life, both for individuals and organizations. Man learns to speak much
before writing. People speak before committing themselves in writing, both in
formal and informal occasions. Oral usage of language, acts as the binding
factor between one person and another. Oral Communication takes place by way of
talks, conversation, dialogue, speech, discussion, meetings and the like. Oral
Communication is also referred to as Verbal Communication. It takes place
between individuals with the help of words. Oral Communication is both
structured and unstructured.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Merits of oral
Communication:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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(1) It is the fastest mode.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(2) It provides immediate feedback.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(3) It builds up healthy climate in the organization by
drawing the people together.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(4) Oral Communication is time saving and also very
economical. It saves the money spent on stationery.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(5) It is persuasive. Persuasion is very important in
business.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(6) It is instantaneous.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(7) Oral Communication provides the speaker the opportunity
to correct himself and make himself clear by changing his voice, tone, pitch
etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(8) It can be supplemented by non-verbal messages. Body
language helps in conveying our ideas or views more correctly and clearly.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(9) The speaker enjoys the advantage of understanding the
groups he is addressing.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Demerits of
Oral Communication:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) It is not effective when the target group is spread
out.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(2) It is constrained by language, accent and vocabulary.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(3) It is also constrained by noise and other physical
barriers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(4) It is not normally recorded and hence has no legal
validity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(5) It does not permit repeated reference.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(6) It cannot be erased.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(7) It cannot be retained in the listener’s memory.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(8) The length of the message may pose a problem.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(9) It becomes difficult to fix responsibility for anything
going wrong or for any mistake in Oral Communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Visual
Communication:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b> </b>Facial
expressions and gestures, printed pictures, posters, slides, film strips, etc, fall
under visual communication. Mime is an old art in which idea and emotions are
communicated through facial expressions and gestures. We are all familiar with
the two pieces of bone put in a cross-wise fashion with a skull placed in
between and we all know that they signify danger. In cinema houses we often see
a slide showing a lighted cigarette with a cross mark on it. Again, the meaning
is clear to everybody: no smoking. Communication through such visuals is very
effective because it is sure and instantaneous. No words are uttered no signs
made, and yet the message gets across.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Facial
expressions and gestures: <o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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The non-verbal communication includes the pitch and tone of
the voice as well as facial expressions and gestures. This is nothing but body
language. Rolling, shrinking, winking, and twinkling of the eyes, frowning,
twisting the lips, wobbling the head, staring in the vacuum in the blank,
fumbling the pockets, biting the nails, clattering the teeth, raising the fist
and thumping the table, are some of the expressions and actions of body
language. Nervousness, anger, fear, scorn, determination, horror, sympathy,
pity, lack of understanding, disinterestedness, and resentment can be much
better expressed through body language than through words. Therefore it would
be a serious mistake to overlook the contribution of the body language to the
communication process. Successful communication makes a very effective use of
facial expressions and gestures. Face to face communication becomes more
effective if accompanied with appropriate body language.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u>Posters:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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1. Posters educate the illiterates in factories, in
performing their job efficiently. Posters teach them to operate machines and to
make for their safety.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. On roads, posters are used to give road signs and
traffic signals as well as to suggest the hazards of irregular and rash
driving.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Posters are effective means of advertising.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u>Making Posters
effective:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
1. The picture should be highlighted as they are seen only
for a fleeting moment. Just one or two words make the poster effective.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
2. In poster advertising, the Sales message should be
repeated many times at different locations so that the disadvantage of having
just a momentary glance at it is set off.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. The posters should be displayed in such a way that their
lay-out is artistic and appealing, and visibility adequate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Effective colours are to be chosen in accordance with
the message that is to be communicated. Different colours have different effect
on mind.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Audio-Visual
Communication:</u> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Audio-Visual Communication combines the auditory and the
visual. This technique has within no time gained popularity. Here people can
both observe and hear something on the television or cinema screen. Government
and large organizations make use of this technique.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
The government uses Audio-Visual means of Communication to
inform the people of its programmes and policies. It is useful for the
propagation of the family welfare programme. In villages, it is used to educate
the farmers on the techniques of improving agricultural production.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
In large commercial and industrial houses, it bridges the
communication gap between the organization and its external public as well as
between the executives and the operatives. Marketing divisions of the companies
use this technique to educate the public on the quality price and supply of
their products. Within the organization his technique acquaints the workers of
any new, sophisticated techniques of production. It keeps them informed of the
policies and achievements of the company at large.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Making
Audio-Visual Communication Effective<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
1. Pictures, slides and films should be colourful,
interesting and attractive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Narration should be brief but adequate.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Silence: </b><span style="background: rgb(250, 247, 237);">Silence is a form of communicating. </span>It is a tool for effective
communication<span style="color: #666666;">. </span><span style="background: rgb(250, 247, 237);">And different silences have different
meanings.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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In recent
years, researchers have suggested that silence is not simply an absence of
noise or doesn’t mean ‘nothing’ but constitutes a part of communication as
important as speech. The context of a situation defines the power and message
of silence. Constructive silence moves a conversation or discussion forward.
Destructive silence shuts down communication and creates barriers that
discourage speakers from expressing their thoughts. Thus, silences can be
‘leaden’ and they can also be ‘golden’. We have all experienced various
negative silences that could be called awkward, appalled, embarrassed,
defensive, and fearful silences. These could be termed as leaden silences.
However, there are also silences that are golden, such as confident,
comfortable, reflective, peaceful, or respectful silences. Such silences can be
helpful tools for enhancing the communication and to promote and maintain the
existing relationship.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Non-Verbal
Communication:</u> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Oral Communication thrives on listening and the Written
Communication thrives on reading, the Non-Verbal Communication thrives on
observation. It takes place by body language, gestures, postures, appearance,
personal space, codes, signs and signals, facial expressions, timings, examples
and personal behaviour. The greatest merit of Non-Verbal Communication is that
it has a universal appeal. Regarding the use of visual elements a Chinese
proverb says, “A picture is worth a thousand words”. Words often fail to convey
the exact meaning but a picture makes a concrete impression.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Merits of
Visual Signals</u>:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) Visual signals like pictures, posters etc., economize
on Verbal Communication. They very easily convey the message.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(2) Colourful paintings, photographs etc., make
communication interesting and motivate the viewer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(3) Posters, paintings etc., have educational value,
especially, useful for illiterate workers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(4) Posters are an effective way of advertising.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(5) There are pictures to convey no swimming, danger zone,
etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Merits of
Sound signals</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) Sound signals are very quick in conveying the intended
message. Ex: The hooting of a siren at once makes the workers active.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(2) Buzzers and such other devices streamline the working
of the organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(3) Sound signals are very useful in time management.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Demerits of
Non-Verbal Communication</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(1) Only simple ideas can be communicated.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(2) Great skill of the artist is essential for effective
pictures, posters, cartoons, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(3) Sign language is quite likely to be misunderstood.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
(4) In verbal Communication spot correction can be made
easily. It is not possible in sign language.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.45pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;">Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Verbal Communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.45pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.8pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">There is a proverb “Actions speak louder than words.” In
essence, this underscores the importance of non-verbal communication.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://thebusinesscommunication.com/what-is-verbal-communication-and-non-verbal-communication/"><em><b><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Non-verbal
communication</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span></a><span style="color: #222222;">is especially significant in intercultural situations.
Researches in communication suggest that many more feelings and intentions are
sent and received non-verbally than verbally. Meharabian and wiener following
suggested that only 7 % of message is sent through words, with remaining 93%
sent non-verbal expressions (depending on author, verbal part goes up to 35%).
It has multiple advantages or functions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Complementary</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal cues
complement a verbal message by adding to its meaning. You can pat someone you
offended at the back as you say sorry to him or her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Easy presentation</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Information can be
easily presented in non-verbal communication through using visual, audio-visual
and silent means of non-verbal communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Substituting</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal message may
substitute for the verbal message especially if it is blocked by noise,
interruption, long distance etc. for example: gestures-finger to lips to
indicate need for quite, facial expressions- a nod instead of a yes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Accenting</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Often used to accent a
verbal message. Verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the specific words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Repeat</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Used to repeat the verbal message
(e.g. point in a direction while stating directions.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Help to illiterate people</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: This type of
communication use gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, proximity,
touching etc. and without using any spoken or written word. So, it is very much
helpful for illiterate people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Help to handicapped people</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Non-verbal cues of communication greatly help in handicapped people especially
to deaf people. Deaf people are exchange message through the movements of
hands, fingers, eye ball etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Attractive presentation</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal
communication is based on visual, picture, graph, sign etc. that can be seen
very much attractive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reducing wastage of time</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: The message of
non-verbal communication reached the receiver very fast. For this reason it
reduces the wastage of valuable time of the communicator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Quick expression of message</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Non-verbal cues of communication like sign and symbol can also communicate some
messages very quickly than written or oral messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #474747; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal
communication:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.45pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Despite of
advantages of non-verbal communication, it is not free from its limitations or
disadvantages which are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vague and imprecise</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal communication
is quite vague and imprecise. Since in this communication there is no use of
words or language which expresses clear meaning to the receiver. No dictionary
can accurately classify them. Their meaning varies not only by culture and
context but by degree of intension.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Continuous</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: It is possible to stop
talking in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>verbal
communication</strong>, but it is generally not possible to stop nonverbal
cues. Also, spoken language has a structure that makes it easier to tell when a
subject has changed, for instance or to analyze its grammar. Nonverbal does not
lend itself to this kind of analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Multi-channel</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: while watching someone’s
eyes, you may miss something significant in a hand gesture. Everything is
happening at once and therefore it may be confusing to try to keep up with
everything. Most of us simply do not do so, at least not consciously.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Culture-bound</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal communication
is learnt in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom
you associate. A few other gestures seem to be universal. Evidence suggests
that humans of all cultures smile when happy and frown when unhappy. However,
most nonverbal symbols seem to be even further disconnected from any “essential
meaning” than verbal symbols. Gestures seen as positive in one culture (Like
the thumbs-up gesture in the USA) may be seen as obscene in another culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Long conversations are not possible</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
In non-verbal communication, long conversation and necessary explanations are
not possible. No party can discuss the particular issues of the messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Difficult to understand</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Difficult to
understand and requires a lot of repetitions in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i>non-verbal communication</i></strong>.
Since it uses gestures, facial expressions eye contact, touch etc. for
communicating with others which may not be understandable for the simple and
foolish people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Not everybody prefers</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Everybody not
prefers to communicate through non-verbal communication with others. Sometimes
it cannot create an impression upon people or listeners. It is less influential
and cannot be used everywhere. It is cannot be used as a public tool for
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of formality</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Non-verbal communication
does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication.
Most of the cases people unconsciously and habitually engaged in non-verbal
communication by moving the various parts of the body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Costly</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: In some cases non-verbal
communication involves huge cost. For example, neon sign, power point presentation,
cinema etc are very much costly compared to others form of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt;">Distortion of information</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Since it uses gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, sign, sound,
paralanguage etc. for communicating with others, there is a great possibility
in distortion of information in non-verbal communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross
Cultural communication:</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="background: #FBFBFB; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Today’s workplace is rapidly becoming vast,
as the business environment is expanding to include various geographic
locations and span numerous cultures. Hence it is important to learn how to
communicate effectively with individuals who speak another language, or who
rely on different means to reach a common goal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Young<b> </b>Indian executives and professionals
have to communicate with people from other cultures. The cultural values of
different people are different. Western ones are different when compared with
Indian and hence if not learnt they can distort our conversation. Culture is
the way we live. It is the air we breathe, the thoughts we think and the clothes
we wear. It is the glasses we wear and look through. Culture is what shapes our
perception. It is collection of values that sustain and direct our lives. So
when other people do things differently from what we do we think that they are
wrong or foolish. To the verbal and non-verbal symbols that they display we
tend to attach meanings that derive from our culture rather than theirs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
The influence of culture on communication is so strong
that anthropologist Edward Hall says “culture is communication and communication
is culture”. Differences in cultural values and perceptions can be a quiet,
invisible source of great misunderstanding between people from different
religions.<span style="color: #333333;"> When you communicate cross-culturally,
make particular efforts to keeping your communication clear, simple and
unambiguous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
And
(sadly) avoid humor until you know that the person you're communicating with
"gets it" and isn't offended by it. Humor is notoriously
culture-specific: Many things that pass for humor in one culture can be seen as
grossly offensive in another.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When dealing with people
in a different culture, courtesy and goodwill can also go a long way in
ensuring successful communication.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Understanding Cultural Diversity<span style="background: #FBFBFB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Given
different cultural contexts, this brings new communication challenges to the
workplace. Even when employees located in different locations or offices speak
the same language (for instance, correspondences between English-speakers in
the U.S. and English-speakers in the UK), there are some cultural differences
that should be considered in an effort to optimize communications between the
two parties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333;">Developing
Awareness of Individual Cultures</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: #FBFBFB; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Learning the basics about
culture and at least something about the language of communication in different
countries is important. This is necessary even for the basic level of
understanding required to engage in appropriate greetings and physical contact,
which can be a tricky area inter-culturally. For instance, kissing a business
associate is not considered an appropriate business practice in the U.S., but
in Paris, one peck on each cheek is an acceptable greeting. And, the firm
handshake that is widely accepted in the U.S. is not recognized in all other
cultures.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">While many companies now
offer training in the different cultures where the company conducts business,
it is important that employees communicating across cultures practice patience
and work to increase their knowledge and understanding of these cultures.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
If a
leader or manager of a team that is working across cultures or incorporates
individuals who speak different languages, practice different religions, or are
members of a society that requires a new understanding, he or she needs to work
to convey this.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Consider
any special needs the individuals on your team may have. For instance, they may
observe different holidays, or even have different hours of operation. Be
mindful of time zone differences and work to keep everyone involved aware and
respectful of such differences.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Generally
speaking, patience, courtesy and a bit of curiosity go a long way. And, if you
are unsure of any differences that may exist, simply ask team members. Again,
this may best be done in a one-on-one setting so that no one feels "put on
the spot" or self-conscious, perhaps even embarrassed, about discussing
their own needs or differences or needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b>Demand Mutual Acceptance<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Next, cultivate and demand<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.mindtools.com/community/pages/article/tolerance-workplace.php"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm;">mutual
acceptance</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and understanding. In doing this, a little education will usually do the
trick. Explain to team members that the part of the team that works out of the Australia
office, for example, will be working in a different time zone, so electronic
communications and/or return phone calls will experience a delay. And, members
of the India office will also observe different holidays (such as Mahatma
Gandhi's Birthday, observed on October 2).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Most
people will appreciate the information and will work hard to understand
different needs and different means used to reach common goals.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
For
those of us who are native English-speakers, it is fortunate that English seems
to be the language that people use if they want to reach the widest possible
audience. However, even for native English speakers, cross-cultural
communication can be an issue: Just witness the mutual incomprehension that can
sometimes arise between people from different English-speaking countries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: #FBFBFB; line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: 13.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
In this
new world, good cross-cultural communication is a must.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Listening Skills<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Listening is one of the most important skills we can have.
How well we listen has a major impact on our job effectiveness, and on the quality
of our relationships with others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->We listen to obtain
information.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->We listen to
understand.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->We listen for
enjoyment.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->We listen to learn.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Clearly, listening is a skill that we can all benefit from
improving. By becoming a better listener, we can improve our productivity, as
well as our ability to influence, persuade negotiate. We can avoid conflict and
misunderstandings – all necessary for workplace success.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Good communication skills require a high level of self-awareness.
By understanding our personal style of communicating, we can go a long way
towards creating good and lasting impressions with others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
The way to become a better listener is to practice “active
listening”. This is where we make a conscious effort to hear not only the words
that another person is saying but, more importantly, to try and understand the
total message being sent.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
In order to do this we must pay attention to the other
person very carefully. We cannot allow yourself to become distracted by what
else may be going on around us, or by forming counter arguments that we’ll make
when the other person stops speaking. Nor can we allow ourselves to lose focus
on what the other person is saying. All of these barriers contribute to a lack
of listening and understanding.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Tip:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
If we're finding it particularly difficult to concentrate
on what someone is saying, we should try repeating their words mentally as they
say it – this will reinforce their message and help us to control mind drift.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
To enhance our listening skills, we need to let the other
person know that we are listening to what he or she is saying. Acknowledgement
can be something as simple as a nod of the head or a simple “uh huh.” You
aren’t necessarily agreeing with the person, you are simply indicating that you
are listening. Using body language and other signs to acknowledge you are
listening also reminds you to pay attention and not let your mind wander.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
You should also try to respond to the speaker in a way that
will both encourage him or her to continue speaking, so that you can get the
information if you need. While nodding and “uh huhing” says you’re interested,
an occasional question or comment to recap what has been said communicates that
you understand the message as well.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Becoming an
Active Listener : </b>There are five key
elements of active listening. They all help you ensure that you hear the other
person, and that the other person knows you are hearing what they are saying.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pay attention</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Give the speaker your
undivided attention and acknowledge the message. Recognize that what is not
said also speaks loudly.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Look at the speaker
directly. Put aside distracting
thoughts. Don’t mentally prepare a rebuttal!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Avoid being distracted
by environmental factors.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->“Listen” to the
speaker’s body language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Refrain from side
conversations when listening in a group setting.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Show that you are
listening.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Use your own body
language and gestures to convey your attention.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Nod occasionally.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Smile and use other
facial expressions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Note your posture and
make sure it is open and inviting.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Encourage the speaker
to continue with small verbal comments like yes, and uh huh.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Provide feedback.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Our personal filters,
assumptions, judgments, and beliefs can distort what we hear. As a listener,
your role is to understand what is being said. This may require you to reflect
what is being said and ask questions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Reflect what has been
said by paraphrasing. “What I’m hearing is…” and “Sounds like you are saying…”
are great ways to reflect back.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ask questions to
clarify certain points. “What do you mean when you say…” “Is this what you
mean?”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Summarize the
speaker’s comments periodically.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Defer
judgment</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Interrupting is a
waste of time. It frustrates the speaker and limits full understanding of the
message.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Allow the speaker to
finish.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Don’t interrupt with
counterarguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Respond Appropriately.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Active listening is a
model for respect and understanding. You are gaining information and
perspective. You add nothing by attacking the speaker or otherwise putting him
or her down.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Be candid, open, and
honest in your response.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Assert your opinions
respectfully.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Treat the other person
as he or she would want to be treated.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Key Points:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
It takes a lot of concentration and determination to be an
active listener. Old habits are hard to break, and if our listening habits are
as bad as many people’s are, then there’s a lot of habit-breaking to do!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Be deliberate with your listening and remind yourself
constantly that your goal is to truly hear what the other person is saying. Set
aside all other thoughts and behaviors and concentrate on the message. Ask
question, reflect, and paraphrase to ensure you understand the message. If you
don’t, then you’ll find that what someone says to you and what you hear can be
amazingly different!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Active listening today has become a better communicator and
it improves our workplace productivity and relationships.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-23309314606858746172016-11-18T20:45:00.001-08:002016-11-18T20:45:29.750-08:00UNIT 6 ENGLISH NOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I B TECH I SEM :
ENGLISH NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT 6<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">INDUSTRY: SAFETY AND TRAINING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Give two reasons for training employees
before they start working in the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Typical Reasons for Employee Training and
Development<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Training and development can be initiated for
a variety of reasons for an employee or group of employees, e.g.,: When a
performance appraisal indicates performance improvement is needed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To "benchmark" the status of
improvement so far in a performance improvement effort<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As part of an overall professional
development program<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As part of succession planning to help an
employee be eligible for a planned change in role in the organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To "pilot", or test, the operation
of a new performance management system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To train about a specific topic <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchor1287474"></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Typical Topics of Employee Training<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Communications:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The increasing diversity of today's workforce brings a
wide variety of languages and customs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Computer skills</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Computer skills are becoming a necessity for conducting
administrative and office tasks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Customer service</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased competition in today's global marketplace makes
it critical that employees understand and meet the needs of customers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diversity</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diversity training usually includes explanation about how
people have different perspectives and views, and includes techniques to value
diversity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ethics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Today's society has increasing expectations about
corporate social responsibility. Also, today's diverse workforce brings a wide
variety of values and morals to the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Human relations</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The increased stresses of today's workplace can include
misunderstandings and conflict. Training can people to get along in the
workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Quality initiatives</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Initiatives such as Total Quality Management, Quality
Circles, benchmarking, etc., require basic training about quality concepts,
guidelines and standards for quality, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Safety</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Safety training is critical where working with heavy
equipment , hazardous chemicals, repetitive activities, etc., but can also be
useful with practical advice for avoiding assaults, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual harassment</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual harassment training usually includes careful
description of the organization's policies about sexual harassment, especially
about what are inappropriate behaviors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anchor1287840"></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">General Benefits from Employee Training and Development<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased job satisfaction and morale among
employees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased employee motivation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased efficiencies in processes,
resulting in financial gain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased capacity to adopt new technologies
and methods<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased innovation in strategies and
products<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reduced employee turnover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Enhanced company image, e.g., conducting
ethics training <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Risk management, e.g., training about sexual
harassment, diversity training<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ALFRED MARTIN LUTHER KING AND AFRICA<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Similarities between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Mohandas Gandhi and Martin
Luther King Jr.:<o:p></o:p></strong></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Gandhi
and King</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">both used nonviolent protest. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">T</span></strong>here is a similar difference between Gandhi’s
belief and King’s belief. Gandhi
believed that nonviolence achieves its goals through patience and
non-cooperation. King believed that it takes “creative tension” and a degree of
confrontation to accomplish change.<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gandhi fought British oppression with
non-violence. Both Gandhi and Alfred
King believed in peaceful ways. Gandhi told his followers that they would
march, boycott, and strike. But they would NEVER use violence. He said that
"<em>violence can only spurn more violence</em>." Gandhi had also
read many works of learned scholars during this time. And was studying to be a
lawyer but didn't proceed with it all the way. Gandhi wanted to help the
people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Gandhi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">and
King</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">were both assassinated. They both had wives that supported their cause
Both<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> Gandhi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">and King’s</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>nonviolence movements gained many
rights for specific groups of people<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Differences between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Mohandas</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><u>Gandhi</u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>and Martin Luther</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><u>King</u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Jr.:</strong></span></b><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Gandhi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">fought British Oppression. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">King</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>fought
for Civil Rights and social justice <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Gandhi and King</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>…Gandhi suffered physically for his
cause by going on a hunger strike, as King didn’t suffer physically. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">Gandhi</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">struggled against a ruling party in his own
country while all the nations were behind him to support him on all issues. <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">King</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was
struggling against a Black and white phenomenon which was present all around
the world at that time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Both men are great and both are very strong
leaders in what they did. They have many, many more similarities than
differences. They were in different times and different places in the world,
but both shared the same vision of equal rights and treatment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. How did Martin Luther King embrace his African roots?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Chinua Achebe, the death of Martin Luther King left a
strong feeling that he had belonged to Africa in a very special sense which the
author felt very proud that his ancestors were brought to America from Africa.
It was this fact that Martin Luther King had embraced the pain and suffering of
the African continent even though he had got no choice in his involvement in
the Atlantic slave trade. He had developed a strong vision in his early life to
bring down the structures of racism by sheer moral force.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What is James Baldwin’s view about African history?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African-Americans suffered the awkward form of sophisticated
slavery for centuries. James Baldwin, African-American writer had called this
historical alienation, ‘the African Conundrum’, was a bitter immemorial
grievance. He lamented that the African history was an unnatural and
indescribable crime of the horrendous transatlantic slave trade. In the words
of Basil Davidson, the distinguished British historian, it was the greatest
crime against humanity in the history of the world.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. In what way does the author disagree with the American
Professor of history?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It was some time ago in a heated TV discussion an American
Professor declared that the Africans had captured their own people in the
hinterland and sold them to the white people. The author disagreed that the
victim was blamed for the crime which was touted as the cause of it. He pointed
out that the very archives of Europe had the entries of the long nights of the
slave trade for centuries. Thomas Jefferson compared Negros to Whites and
concluded that Negros were inferior in all aspects. The other American, Imlay
White, responded that it was more uncertain and false comparison of the
intellect and talents of the two races of men. One race was enslaved, degraded
and fettered and the other was free, independent. In his opinion Chinua Achebe
felt that the unequal exchange was the fright between reason and canon.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. In what way did Mahatma Gandhi influence Martin Luther King?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Chinua Achebe met James Baldwin at the Annual Conference of the
African Literature in Florida. They spoke how Martin Luther King was when he
died. Martin Luther King died at the age of thirty nine, but Mahatma Gandhi had
not even returned to India at the age of thirty-nine. He had learnt from Gandhi
that human beings have a fundamental obligation to respect life even in the
midst of a great struggle. If they should forget this obligation and violate
the lives of others, they would cheapen their own lives. We should not crush
the humanity of others under our feet least we could devalue our own. How
much the African-Americans were suppressed for the lost time we should never
know. Martin Luther King was worthy of honor for he had stood in a long line of
a people’s struggle for freedom and justice.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. According to author, Martin Luther King achieved two things.
What is his first achievement?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the author Martin Luther King was worthy of honor for
he had stood in a long line of a people’s struggle for freedom and justice. He
said that there were two things which had made him a hero, a champion of
apartheid. First, Martin Luther King struggled to conquer in himself both fear
and hate which were the most destructive emotions of human being. He stood
strongly where most of us vulnerable to fear and prejudice and all the other
frailties of human situation. It was that which made us close to Martin Luther
King of his heroic journey and able to dare the obstacles on our own little
side roads.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Q. What is Martin Luther King’s second achievement according
to the author?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the author Martin Luther King was worthy of honor for
he had stood in a long line of a people’s struggle for freedom and justice. He
said that there were two things which had made him a hero, a champion of
apartheid. Second, he became significant as a staging post in a long history of
struggle for freedom and a sign post for future battles. He was really a man
who struggled valiantly to restore humanity against the tyrannical oppression.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What are the author’s views on racism?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the United States, racism has been a major problem. From the
1600’s to 1865, white people used black people as slaves. After slavery ended,
white people still looked down on black people. From 1876-1965, there were laws
that segregated blacks and whites. Martin Luther King was a black leader who
said that segregation and racism were wrong. He worked to bring freedom and
equality to blacks. The author said that the racial discrimination eclipsed the
whole African people for centuries. In his view it was the greatest crime
against humanity.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What is the central theme of the passage?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was a
Nigerian<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">novelist</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">poet</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">professor</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" title="Critic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">critic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">His first novel<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Things Fall Apart</span></i></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1958) is also considered his<span class="apple-converted-space"> ‘</span><i>magnum
opus’</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and is the most widely
read book in modern<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #521e00; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African
literature</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present essay “Martin Luther King and Africa” he draws out
the complex issues of racial discrimination of Africans, by tracing it back to
the horrific practice of slavery. Chinua Achebe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">discusses
the legacy of Martin Luther King<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>how
he was able to fight racial discrimination and slave trade. He asserts
the fact that it was Martin Luther King’s indomitable spirit that led him to
fight against prejudice and oppression. It is appropriate to celebrate that
Martin Luther King worthy of a heroic heart who lives on in the minds of
African-Americans.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-39045653534665842002016-11-18T20:44:00.000-08:002016-11-18T20:44:07.965-08:00UNIT 5 ENGLISH NOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I B TECH I SEM :
ENGLISH NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT 5<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OUR LIVING ENVIRONMENT</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How are humans directly responsible for the
destruction of animal Species?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/houseconstructionca34838027.jpg" title="Humans are now responsible for causing changes in the environment that hurt animals and plant species. <br><h4>Image Credit: Clipart.com</h4> "></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals and plants have always had a hard
time surviving. Scientists estimate that over two thirds of the animals and
plants that once lived on Earth are now extinct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals became extinct in the past for a wide
variety of reasons. In some cases competition for resources among animals led
to extinction in other cases environmental changes caused extinction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scientists think dinosaurs became extinct
because a meteorite struck the Earth and caused changes in the environment that
the dinosaurs and other animals and plants couldn't adapt to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/westindianmanateeforestryWhitneyCranshaw.jpg" title=" The West Indian manatee can mate at any time of the year. <br><h4>Image Credit: Whitney Cranshw, Bugwood.org</h4> "></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Some animals are endangered because of a
combination of natural and man-made causes <span style="background: white;">causing
changes in the environment that hurt animals and plant species. Man takes up
more space on Earth for homes and cities. He pollutes habitats. Man illegally
hunts and kills animals. Man brings exotic species into habitats. All of these
activities take resources and habitats away from plants and animals. As man has spread across the earth he has
destroyed wildlife by shooting, trapping, cutting and burning the forest. All
over the world the fauna has been cut down and the animals have been reduced
down. If not protected they can never re-establish themselves. They need
sanctuary where they can live and breed undisturbed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dodo, the great wedding
pigeon that inhabited the island of Mauritius had no enemies. But man
discovered the dodos when he settled that island along with his dogs, cats,
pigs, rats and goats. The dodo had lost its power of flight as it had no
enemies to fly and escape from. It lost its security when man began to
slaughter dodos. The goats ate the undergrowth which provided the dodo with
cover; dogs and cats hunted and pigs ate eggs and young .by 1681 the fat
ungainly and harmless pigeon was extinct. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus to protect wildlife
many sanctuaries and reserves have been started. Many species are reintroduced
into areas where it had become extinct. Inspite of all these things man has
much to do. The majority of useful work in animal preservation has been done
mainly only for the animals which are of economic importance to man. All other
obscure species of no economic importance are just protected on paper but not
in actual fact. They are just allowed to die out because nobody except a few
interested zoologists consider them important enough to spend money on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Human activity often changes or destroys
the habitats that plants and animals need to survive. Because human populations
are growing so fast animals and plants are disappearing 1000 times faster than
they have in the past 65 million years. Scientists estimate that in the 21st
century 100 species will become extinct every day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are Salim Ali’s contributions as an
environmentalist?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salim Ali, one of the greatest ornithologists
and naturalists of all time, is also known as the “birdman of India”. He was
one of the very first scientists to carry out systematic bird surveys in India
and abroad. His research work is considered highly influential in the
development of ornithology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">As a 10-year-old, Salim once noticed a flying bird and
shot it down. Tender at heart, he instantly ran and picked it up. It appeared
like a house sparrow, but had a strange yellowish shade on the throat. Curious,
he showed the sparrow to his uncle Amiruddin and questioned him about the
bird’s kind. Unable to answer, his uncle took him to W.S. Millard, the Honorary
Secretary of the Bomaby Natural History Society. Amazed at the unusual interest
of the young boy, Millard took him to see many stuffed birds. When Salim
finally saw a bird similar to the child’s bird, he got very excited. After
that, the young Salim started visiting the place frequently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was born on November 12, 1896.
He attended college, but did not receive any university degree. To assist his
brother in wolfram mining, he went to Burma, but spent most of his time looking
for birds. Soon, he returned back to Bombay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">As soon as Salim returned, he studied zoology, and
secured a position of a guide at the museum of the Bombay Natural History
Society. Only 20 years old, he conducted the visitors and instructed them about
the preserved birds. His interest in the living conditions of birds grew even
more. Therefore, Salim visited Germany and saw Dr. Irvin Strassman. He came
back to India after one year but his post in the museum had been removed for
financial reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">Salim Ali, as a married man, required money to make a
living, so he joined the museum as a clerk. The job allowed him to carry on
with his research. His wife’s house at Kihim, a small village near Mumbai, was
a tranquil place surrounded by trees, where Salim would spend most of his time
researching about the activities of the weaver bird.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">He published a research paper discussing the nature and
activities of the weaver bird in 1930. The piece made him famous and
established his name in the field of ornithology. Salim also traveled from
place to place to find out more about different species of the birds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">From what he had collected, he published “The Book of
Indian Birds in 1941” in which he discussed the kinds and habits of Indian
birds. The book sold very well for a number of years. He also collaborated with
S. Dillon Ripley, a world-famous ornithologist, in 1948. The collaboration
resulted in the ‘Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan’ (10 Volume Set);
a comprehensive book that describes the birds of the subcontinent, their
appearance, habitat, breeding habits, migration etc. Salim also published other
books. His work “The Fall of Sparrow” included many incidents from his real
life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Later Life and Death:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #444444;">Salim not only researched about birds, but also
contributed to the arena of protection of nature. For his extraordinary
efforts, he was given an international award of INR 5 lacs, but he donated all
the money to Bombay Natural History Society. The Government of India honored
him with Padma Vibushan in 1983.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #444444;">This
genius man died at the age of 90 on June 20, 1987.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10.0pt 10.0pt 10.0pt 10.0pt;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Salim Ali</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Salim Ali, one of the greatest ornithologists and naturalists of
all time, is also known as the “birdman of India”. He was one of the very first
scientists to carry out systematic bird surveys in India and abroad. His
research work is considered highly influential in the development of
ornithology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Early Life:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As a 10-year-old, Salim once noticed a flying bird and shot it
down. Tender at heart, he instantly ran and picked it up. It appeared like a
house sparrow, but had a strange yellowish shade on the throat. Curious, he
showed the sparrow to his uncle Amiruddin and questioned him about the bird’s
kind. Unable to answer, his uncle took him to W.S. Millard, the Honorary
Secretary of the Bomaby Natural History Society. Amazed at the unusual interest
of the young boy, Millard took him to see many stuffed birds. When Salim
finally saw a bird similar to the child’s bird, he got very excited. After
that, the young Salim started visiting the place frequently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was born on November 12, 1896. He attended
college, but did not receive any university degree. To assist his brother in
wolfram mining, he went to Burma, but spent most of his time looking for birds.
Soon, he returned back to Bombay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions and Achievements:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As soon as Salim returned,
he studied zoology, and secured a position of a guide at the museum of the
Bombay Natural History Society. Only 20 years old, he conducted the visitors
and instructed them about the preserved birds. His interest in the living
conditions of birds grew even more. Therefore, Salim visited Germany and saw
Dr. Irvin Strassman. He came back to India after one year but his post in the
museum had been removed for financial reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Salim Ali, as a married man,
required money to make a living, so he joined the museum as a clerk. The job
allowed him to carry on with his research. His wife’s house at Kihim, a small
village near Mumbai, was a tranquil place surrounded by trees, where Salim
would spend most of his time researching about the activities of the weaver bird.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He published a research
paper discussing the nature and activities of the weaver bird in 1930. The
piece made him famous and established his name in the field of ornithology.
Salim also traveled from place to place to find out more about different species
of the birds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">From what he had collected,
he published “The Book of Indian Birds in 1941” in which he discussed the kinds
and habits of Indian birds. The book sold very well for a number of years. He
also collaborated with S. Dillon Ripley, a world-famous ornithologist, in 1948.
The collaboration resulted in the ‘Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan’
(10 Volume Set); a comprehensive book that describes the birds of the
subcontinent, their appearance, habitat, breeding habits, migration etc. Salim also
published other books. His work “The Fall of Sparrow” included many incidents
from his real life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Later Life and Death:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Salim not only researched
about birds, but also contributed to the arena of protection of nature. For his
extraordinary efforts, he was given an international award of INR 5 lacs, but
he donated all the money to Bombay Natural History Society. The Government of
India honored him with Padma Vibushan in 1983.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This genius man died at the age of 90 on June 20, 1987.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Forest Wealth of India</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Forests are one of the most important natural
resources on this earth. Covering the earth like a green blanket these forests
not only produce innumerable material goods, but also provide several
environmental services which are essential for life.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">We do untold harm
unknowingly to nature, to the majestic, broad trees of dense foliage which have
been nurtured and grown over generations. We thoughtlessly felt the trees which
are the suppliers of oxygen to us, for; they breathe in carbon dioxide from the
air and give out oxygen so vital for our living. Formerly avenues were lined
and decorated with trees of awesome growth, and the avenues were always cool
and shady even if the scorching sun shone in the sky. By felling the trees in the
villages, towns and cities we have intruded into the forbidden area of forests
which are the exclusive habitat of the wild animals and birds and fell the
trees stealthily for wood for cooking and for making furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is deplorable that the
Government which emphasizes the importance of the forest cover or wealth commit
the unpardonable crime of felling the trees of the ancient forests for the
purpose of constructing a dam or an electricity project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is said that the
ecological balance is maintained by the co-existence of populated villages,
towns and cities and the forests and mountains inhabited by the wild animals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nowadays where there were
trees, where there was a vast open stretch of land full of plants and trees,
there are concrete buildings rising higher and higher till they touch very
vault of the sky. We have done untold damage to our towns and cities by felling
trees unnumbered and should we fell the trees of a forest, nature’s priceless
wealth? Yes, forests are the wealth of a nation, just as the people of a nation
are its wealth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Forests are one of the
essential causes of rain. If the trees in the forest are cut off regularly the
forest becomes a barren land. Good rainfall is affected. As a result there is
not enough water for the cultivation of fields, there is not enough drinking
water, and there is not enough water for the functioning of the various
factories. If the sun scorches the earth and if there is not enough rainfall
the nation suffers from water famine. Water famine leads to food famine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">If the forests are cleared
of trees gradually the wild animals living there stray into the human
habitations and cause problems. We should preserve and develop the forest for
its flora and fauna, for its beautiful flowers and for the wide variety of
trees, some awesomely tall, some short and of broad trunk. Honey is obtained
from the honeycombs built by the bees in the forest trees. The tribal people
living in the forests trade on the honey they gather and nuts available in the
forests. They sell their products in a cooperative market nearby and earn
money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Green Cover - Lifeline</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Forests cover one third of the earth’s landmass, performing vital
functions and services around the world which make our planet alive
with possibilities. The forests serve as green lungs and water purifying
systems in nature. In fact, 1.6 billion people depend on forests for
their livelihoods. They play a key role in our battle against climate
change, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere while storing carbon dioxide.
Forests feed our rivers and are essential to supplying the water for nearly 50%
of our largest cities. They create and maintain soil fertility; they help
to regulate the often devastating impact of storms, floods and fires. Forests
are the most diverse ecosystems on land, and are home to more than half of the
terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects. Forests also provide
shelter, jobs, security and cultural relevance for forest-dependent
populations. They are the green lungs of the earth, vital to the survival
of people everywhere -- all seven billion of us. Forests embody so much of what
is good and strong in our lives. Yet despite all of these priceless ecological,
economic, social and health benefits, we are destroying the very forests we
need to live and breathe. Global deforestation is growing at an alarming
rate -- every year, 13 million hectares of forest are destroyed. Anthropogenic
factors that can affect forests include logging, urban sprawl,
human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the
practice of shifting cultivation. If forests disappear, the amount of Carbon
Dioxide in air will increase, resulting in increase of temperature of earth.
Furthermore, it would cause global warming as the Carbon Dioxide gas will trap
the heat radiated by the earth, resulting in the melting of
glaciers. People who depend on forests for their livelihoods are
struggling to survive. Many precious species face extinction....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Deforestation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> A large area of land abounding with trees, bushes etc. are
called forest. And deforestation means cutting down trees in large numbers.
Trees are useful to us in various ways. They provide us with wood, food and
other products, they give us shade and they help to prevent droughty and
floods. But the third of these services of trees is the most important. To draw
quick profit from trees, men cut them down in large numbers. Trees are
destroyed mostly for being used as fire wood. This destruction disturbs our
ecological balance. It leads to soil erosion and deprives us of fruit and
timber and causes economic loss. So, we have to realize the bad effects of
deforestation. In fact, if deforestation goes on our country will be changed
into a desert. So, we have to educate our common people and to persuade them to
abstain from cutting down trees. We should create awareness among the general
people about the evils of destroying forests and motivate them to plant more
and more trees. Otherwise the forests of our country will slowly disappear and
we will be in great miseries. So, I think every man and woman should pant at
least a tree every year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Global
Warming<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Global warming is the increase of world's average temperature,
mainly in the sector of atmosphere, seas and the land on Earth. here are three
serious factor, namely the crack on the lower part of atmosphere, pollution on
Earth an so many green houses. The first factor is on the atmosphere. Recent
years, many researches show that atmosphere has some kind of crack because of
the heat from sun's emission. The layer of atmosphere seems cannot take the
heat anymore. The crack gets larger as the sun-ray holds in the atmosphere as
there are gases as what it seems to be the cause. This second factor,
pollution, takes its toll as the one which makes the sun-ray stuck n the atmosphere.
These gases are very thick that even the sun-ray cannot get through it, or at
least it is hard to do it. The third factor is that the green houses, reflected
the sun-ray that supposed to be stayed on Earth sending the sun-ray back to
space, but remember though, there is the gases that block the process of
sending away the sun-ray. If the green houses don't stop being built, that will
just be a helpful tool to make the atmosphere and our Earth worst. From these
explanations, details and examples, my conclusion is that someone has got to do
something and not just keep inventing new technology or fancy factories because
what we need now is not something that can make life easier but something that
can decrease the temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Threat to Humans and
Wildlife</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="drop-capinner"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase;">E</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">arth
is home to millions of species. Just one dominates it. Us. Our cleverness, our
inventiveness and our activities have modified almost every part of our planet.
In fact, we are having a profound impact on it. Indeed, our cleverness, our
inventiveness and our activities are now the drivers of every global problem we
face. And every one of these problems is accelerating as we continue to grow
towards a global population of 10 billion. In fact, I believe we can
rightly call the situation we're in right now an emergency – an unprecedented
planetary emergency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people
has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every
corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving
less and less room for wildlife. Wildlife is under threat from many
different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to
spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing
multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened
ecosystems and their wildlife.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chipko Movement</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 9.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Environmental movements like Chipko have become historical
landmarks because the ecological insights and political and moral strengths of
women have fueled them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 9.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It was a resurgence of woman power and ecological concern in the
Garhwal Himalayas interwoven in a mosaic of various factors. The issue was of
planting trees and planting ecologically appropriate trees. Women were
protesting against the replacement of mixed forests by the commercially
valuable pine, which was a major reason for increasing economical instability
of the Himalayan region and the growing economic deprivation of Garhwali women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Life-sustaining forestry was to give way to
life-destroying practices. The Chipko movement showed that devolution of
environmental rights and obligations is the more important aspect of
environmental management.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Chipko
Movement</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was started by group
of villagers in Uttrakhand who opposed the cutting of trees. It is the first
organised movement started in April 1972 to protect the trees against the
commercial Forest Policy. Though this<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Chipko
movement</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>gained its
prominence in 1970s, the real movement occurred in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>1604</b>, when a large number of
villagers from the<span class="apple-converted-space"> Bishoni </span>community
embraced the trees in a forest (near Khejri village, close to Jodhpur) and
prevented the king’s soldiers from cutting them down.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>That event has been recorded in Indian
history as the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Chipko Movement</b>.
Thus started, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Chipko
Movement</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has now gained great
significance throughout the world's conservationist circle for its successful
attempts against<span class="apple-converted-space"> deforestation</span>. “<b>Chipko</b>”
in local dialect means “to embrace” and refers to the method that has been
applied to protect the forest from the commercial timber cutters. This
revolutionary movement started by the villagers to save forests from
deforestation<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>soon got worldwide
support and attention.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Government Plantation Programmes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
needless to speak the importance of trees. It is not possible to describe the
importance and uses of trees in world. They are part and parcel in our day to
day life. We cannot think our existence without trees. Rabindranath Tagore says
“Back thy forest, take your town” Our government has also launched a massive
and ambitious programme regarding tree plantation. We should not use and
destroy trees at random. Rather we should plant trees more and for a better and
healthier life.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #555555; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trees
bear a great impact on our climate. If we destroy trees at random, one day the
country will turn into a great dearest. The country will bear the consequences
of green house effect. There will be no rain and as a result the country will
face a great crisis because our country is an agriculture depend country. Our
agriculture is also depend on rain. So trees plays a vital role on our climate.
Trees keep the soil strong. Trees save us from flood and many other natural
climates. Hence, the A.P Government has decided to launch Haritha Andhra
Pradesh Mission through "VANAM — MANAM" Programme with a view to
secure green cover over 50% of the geographical of the state by 2029. Each and
every citizen of Andhra Pradesh across the social, economic, demographic,
gender, and political spectrum ought to become partners in this programme that
would benefit not only the state but also the nation and the entire world
through eco-regeneration. Apart from its impact on environment and climate
change, the programme is an effort to strengthen the bond between the nature
and people.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Van Mahotsav</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Van Mahotsav or the festival of trees is a festival celebrated in
India in the first week of July. This celebration was started in 1950 by Dr.
K.M. Munshi the Agriculture minister for India during the same year. As part of
the celebrations, millions of saplings are planted by people of all age groups
from all over the country in the Van Mahotsav week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">All over the country, people are encouraged to plant trees. This
practice is observed by schools all over the country. Schools usually declare
this day to be a half day where classes are suspended and students are
encouraged to plant trees. This helps in making the students better citizens
and also spreads awareness as to the adverse effects of cutting trees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">This practice takes place every year and helps conserve the
greenery of our country. The preservation of nature has become a very important
part of our life due the acceleration in industrialization and the construction
of so many factories, conservation of forests has become a point of major
concern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Due to the celebration of this festival in the month of July which
is also the onset of the monsoon season, planting trees proves to be
beneficial. Planting of trees also serves other purposes like providing
alternative fuel options, food for cattle, helps in soil conservation and more
than anything offers a natural aesthetic beauty. Planting of trees also helps
to avoid soil erosion which may cause floods. Also, planting trees can be
extremely effective in slowing down global warming and trees also help in
reducing pollution as they make the air cleaner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The constant felling of trees has been a problem for a long time
now and as a result of that it is extremely important for us to create
awareness for the same. And everyone must try and actively involve themselves
in this practice as well. According to the forest department for every tree
felled ten trees should be planted to regain the loss of one. The survival of
plants and animals is also put in danger as each and every time a tree is
felled or a forest is uprooted. Van Mahotsav is thus a widely celebrated
festival and should be celebrated as more than a day of planting trees and
celebrated as any other festival.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Environmental Awareness</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Environmental awareness is to understand the
fragility of our environment and the importance of its protection. Promoting
environmental awareness is an easy way to become an environmental steward and
participate in creating a brighter future for our children.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To define environmental awareness we must first understand the
environmentalist movement. Environmentalism is an ideology that evokes the
necessity and responsibility of humans to respect, protect, and preserve the
natural world from its anthropogenic (caused by humans) afflictions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Environmental awareness is an integral part of the movement’s
success. By teaching our friends and family that the physical environment is
fragile and indispensable we can begin fixing the problems that threaten it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A VILLAGE LOST TO THE NATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. How are the villages affected by the Hirakud Dam?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Jawahar lal Nehru, our first Prime Minister, dedicated
Hirakud Dam in 1957. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
massive and majestic and the world’s longest dam was built on the mighty
turbulent Mahanadi River<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> about </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">15 km from</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sambalpur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in
the state of<span class="apple-converted-space"> Odisha </span>in
India.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the upper drainage basin of the Mahanadi
River, centered on the</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Chhattisgarh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Plain, periodic droughts contrasted
with the situation in the lower delta region where floods might damage crops.
The dam was constructed to help alleviate these problems by creating a
reservoir and controlling river flow through the drainage system. The main
purpose of the Hirakud Dam was to check the massive floods that were affecting
a large part of coastal Odisha. But, the construction of the dam was greatly
affected the natives of the western part of Odisha. Nearly 400 villages and
150,000 people were affected by the Hirakud project and nearly 22,000 families
were displaced as the water kept rising to the maximum storage level of 630
feet. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What were the people forced to do because their homes were
submerged?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Jawahar lal Nehru, our first Prime Minister, dedicated
Hirakud Dam in 1957. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
massive and majestic and the world’s longest dam was built on the mighty
turbulent Mahanadi River<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> about </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">15 km from</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sambalpur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in
the state of<span class="apple-converted-space"> Odisha </span>in
India.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The main purpose of the Hirakud Dam was to check
the massive floods that were affecting a large part of coastal Odisha. But, the
construction of the dam greatly affected the natives of the western part of
Odisha. The author could remember vividly that his own village Rampella which
was among many vanished at the first. The people were forced to vacate the
villages unminding their belongingness to the land which gave birth to
them. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What were the feelings of the author’s parents regarding their
village?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Jawahar lal Nehru, our first Prime Minister, dedicated
Hirakud Dam in 1957. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
massive and majestic and the world’s longest dam was built on the mighty
turbulent Mahanadi River<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> about </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">15 km from</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sambalpur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in
the state of<span class="apple-converted-space"> Odisha </span>in
India.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The main purpose of the Hirakud Dam was to check
the massive floods that were affecting a large part of coastal Odisha. But, the
construction of the dam greatly affected the natives of the western part of
Odisha. The author could remember vividly that his own village Rampella which
was among many vanished at the first. The villagers were known to be proud of
their lineage. They remembered the original name of their village, Ramya Palli
which meant ‘the enchanting village’. Their heads were down and eyes choked in
tears when they were forcibly evacuated from their village. Even aftermath, the
parents could vision the submerged and perished village as their ‘dear old
village’. They recited about their dear village citing instances and anecdotes
galore to their children.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What were the author’s feelings for his lost home?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Jawahar lal Nehru, our first Prime Minister, dedicated
Hirakud Dam in 1957. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
massive and majestic and the world’s longest dam was built on the mighty
turbulent Mahanadi River<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> about </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">15 km from</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sambalpur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in
the state of<span class="apple-converted-space"> Odisha </span>in
India.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To the Nation’s prosperity Hirakud Dam was constructed and
dedicated to the nation. Due to the construction many villages were submerged
and people were displaced. The author felt so sorry for the unplanned
development could ensue the tragedy in his village. He returned to visit his
old dear village ruined by the river. He was nostalgic of his village where
both brothers played the kabaddi and football. He along with his parents
recognized his home tracing the temple remnants. The emotion-choked parents surveyed
the whole premise that had once belonged to them. They were upset that the
rudimentary herbs which cured all kinds of their ailments now lost. He felt
that he had lost his village forever in the depth of the reservoir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What is the theme of the passage?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Jawahar lal Nehru, our first Prime Minister, dedicated
Hirakud Dam in 1957. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
massive and majestic and the world’s longest dam was built on the mighty
turbulent Mahanadi River<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> about </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">15 km from</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sambalpur<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in
the state of<span class="apple-converted-space"> Odisha </span>in
India.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The present extract ‘<b>A Village Lost to the Nation’<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>by Krishna Chandra Pujari was
published in Indian Express on18th March 2009. It is a poignant article by the
author who relives the loss of his home to the Hirakud dam constructed by the
government. Due to the construction on the Mahanadi River, more than 400
villages were submerged and people were displaced. The author highlights the
other side of development and the tragedy that unplanned development can ensue.
He then describes the feelings of the people who returned to visit their old
village, now ruined by the river. There lay the remnants of their village. The
concluding lines depict that a big sacrifice must be made to make one’s nation
prosper. It might be their village that gave solace to all their parents who
had made the last walk from the village a decade ago.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-60767537912332605282016-11-18T20:42:00.001-08:002016-11-18T20:42:30.959-08:00UNIT 4 ENGLISH NOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I B TECH I SEM :
ENGLISH NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT 4<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ENERGY: ALTERNATIVE SOURCES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indian power system: Issues and Opportunities</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Power generation is the
indication of economic growth and industrial development of any country. India
has a large verity of renewable and non-renewable energy resources still it
suffers lack of generation, Transmission and distribution of electricity due to
its poor policies and week planning strategy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Economic growth the world
over is driven by energy, whether in the form of finite resources such as coal,
oil and gas or in renewable forms such as hydroelectric, wind, solar and
biomass, or its converted form, electricity. This energy generation and
consumption powers the nation’s industries, vehicles, homes and offices. It
also has significant impact on the quality of the country’s air, water, land
and forest resources. For future growth to be both rapid and sustainable, it
needs to be as resource-efficient and environmentally benign as possible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Limited
fuel</span></u></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In the Indian Power
sector, primarily electricity production is from thermal power stations. The
main fuel used is coal. Additional power generation is likely to require
incremental amount of coal transportation by Indian Railways within the country
and increasing unloading at ports in India for imported coal.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b><i><u>Equipment Shortage</u></i></b><i>:</i> Equipment shortages have
been a significant reason for India. While the shortage has been primarily in
the core components of Boilers, Turbines and Generators. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Land
Acquisition and Environment Clearance</span></u></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Land Acquisition poses an increasingly significant challenge in the Indian
Power sector. Power plants and utilities face major constraints and delays
regarding the availability of land and obtaining the requisite environment and other
clearances for the projects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmission
& Distribution Losses</span></u></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
High distribution-line losses are among the most vexing problems in the Indian
power sector. This is a matter of concern as well as potential for saving,
which may reduce the demand supply gap. A reduction in Transmission &
Distribution losses by 1% would result in a saving in capacity by about 800 MW.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aging
Power Plants and Transmission network</span></u></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Since most of the power plants and transmission lines have been installed
immediately after the independence; they have become old and inefficient. This
is the main reason for low growth and transmission rate in electricity
generation and transmission during the recent years. Old and inefficient plants
and lines need to be replaced or renovated and modernized to achieve the
electricity production and demand target.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sharp
increase in demand</span></u></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Although India has large
installed capacity but still there is large demand and supply difference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interstate Disputes</span></u></i></b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="background: white;">India is a
federal democracy, and because rivers cross state boundaries, constructing
efficient and equitable</span> <span style="background: white;">mechanisms for
allocating river flows has long been an important legal and constitutional
issue. Due to this there is not</span> <span style="background: white;">availability
of water all the times to operate hydro plants. Inter-state disputes also
restrict the excess power exchange</span> <span style="background: white;">between
the states.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Delay in construction of projects</span></u></i></b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="background: white;">The
commissioning of new power projects have been delayed for too long. The main
reason behind this is</span> <span style="background: white;">the lack of
financing and long route of money flow from the departments. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Erratic monsoons</span></u></i></b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> India is a big country with different geographical
conditions. The monsoon in India is very erratic so that the hydro plants can’t
be operating during whole year. Many times, the depletion of the reservoirs
caused a shortage in generation from the hydro plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Less inclination to renewable</span></u></i></b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> India is abundantly gifted
with variety of renewable energy (RE) sources, not all States are endowed with
same level of renewable energy sources. While some States have very high
renewable energy potential, some States have very little renewable energy
potential. But still the renewable resources are not explored, having only
approx. 10% of total energy generation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Alternative
energy devises:<o:p></o:p></b></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Write one major advantage and one disadvantage, with reasons,
for using Pedal Power in Indian
villages.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pedalling
needs muscles of the human body. Pedal power </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">is the transfer of energy from a human source through the
use of a foot pedal and crank system. This technology is most commonly used for
transportation and has been used to propel bicycles for over a hundred years.
Less commonly pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand tools and even
to generate electricity. Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal
powered grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development
projects currently transform used bicycles into pedal powered tools for
sustainable development. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In Philippines
engineers have developed a small lightweight, inexpensive foot-powered pump to
lift large qualities of water several feet. The operator uses moderate amounts
of human power. It stands on two footrests at either end of the pump and rocks
back and forth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Disadvantages of pedal power is for every
application in the household, farm or workshop we need a lot of space.
And designing a pedal power unit for every tool might become labour-intensive,
costly and energy-intensive. As it is in-efficient with loss of energy we
should avoid whenever a device can be powered in a mechanical way.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wind Power:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Renewable energies are
very important for human development. Though we have sufficient quantity of
coal and natural gas supplies at present, it might be insufficient in future.
So we have to find sources of renewable energies. Wind energy has become popular source of
renewable energy. It has been around for thousands of years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> There is a lot of
popular support for wind energy. There is also a lot of apathy as well. We are
gulping down the few remaining years of cheap natural gas and Mid East oil. Due
to this the inertia of global warming is unavoidably building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Wind energy
conservation is a fascinating field. Unlike the aerospace industry, the
computer industry, and any other successful industry wind energy is the leading
mechanically based renewable energy. It’s a technology that has been reinvented
numerous times. This clearly proves that there always will be success with wind
power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transfer the information given in the following graph in a verbal text
of not less than 200 words. It can include the facts and also your inferences
from the facts presented in the graph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The bar chart illustrates the usage of internet in Malaysia according to
the Age Group from the year 2005 to 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Disadvantages of Electricity<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electricity is potentially dangerous, and
small mistakes often lead to electrocutions. Electricians receive years of
training before they are able to work, but their training does not prevent all
injuries. Wall outlets are potentially dangerous, and water on electrical
devices can cause electrocution as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electricity is mostly generated in power
plants, and most of these plants release carbon dioxide in the process. This
release is one of the major factors for global climate change. There are other
technologies that do not pose the same risks, but developing nations cannot
afford their high costs. Particulate pollution has a number of significant
health effects as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It can kill us<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We become dependent on it<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We use other dirtier forms of energy
(nuclear, fossil fuels) to produce it<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There is growing concern that the magnetic
fields around transmission lines may be unhealthy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Essay on Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We can not use our feet to power our cars like
the flinstones. So, how do cars move around? Energy! what is energy? energy is
the ability to do work. All living things need energy to grow, plants use light
from the sun to grow, also light is a type of energy we use all the time, we
get most of the light from the sun, but at night we make our own light using
another energy source known as electricity. Energy makes things move, cars run
on the energy stored in gasoline sail boats are pushed by the energy in the
wind. It takes energy to run our televisions, computers, and video games in the
form of electricity, we use electricity all day long, it gives us light and
heat, it makes things operate. After a long day don't you feel too tired to
move?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Well you have ran out of
energy, you need some food to refuel. Imagine what your life would be without
electricity?!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are two main types of energy; renewable and
non-renewable, basically Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels,
such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. Uranium is another nonrenewable
source, but it is not a fossil fuel. Uranium is converted to a fuel and used in
nuclear power plants. Once these natural resources are used up, they are gone
forever. The process of gathering these fuels can be harmful to the biomes from
which they come. Fossil fuels are put through a process called combustion in
order to produce energy. Combustion releases pollution, such as carbon monoxide
and sulfur dioxide, which may contribute to acid rain and global warming. Other
than Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again. Renewable
resources include solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, biomass and
hydropower. They generate much less pollution, both in gathering and
production, than nonrenewable sources. But it is believed that petroleum in
particular will not be depleted as it is generated in the deep sedimentary
basins even if it will take thousands of years but it will be generated and
petroleum will still be one of main and important sources of energy and the
source upon which countries' economies depend on, in the following report we
will try to identify different energy sources available in the world.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">All the natural resources can be divided into two categories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(i) Exhaustible natural resources (ii) Inexhaustible natural
resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Exhaustible natural resources are soils, forests, water, coal,
petroleum, natural gas, minerals etc. These are consumed or exhausted through
continuous use or misuse. Exhaustible natural resources can be further divided
into two-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Renewable natural resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Non-renewable natural resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Inexhaustible natural resources are those which cannot be
exhausted through continuous use or misuse eq. air and sunlight etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Renewable Resources:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The natural resources which are consumed/exhausted/depleted
through continuous use and can be recovered by very hard efforts taken up for
long periods are called Renewable Resources, for e.g. Soils, forests,
groundwater etc. In other words we can say that all renewable resources are
replenished through natural cycles or manually. For example oxygen in air is
replenished through photosynthesis. 'Forest is maintained themselves and
manually. Similarly fresh water is available through cycles & manually too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the removable resources are interdependent to each other.
Forests maintained the environment/climate; plants need to check soil erosion
& soil is needed for plants. Air and insects are needed for pollination.
Wood, fibre, fodder, fruits, vegetables, milk etc. are developed directly or
indirectly by recent photosynthetic activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus the renewal of these resources will continue at as long as
photosynthesis continues on this planet. These resources are the life support
system which can fulfill all human needs. But its productivity/renewability is
limited or depends upon availability of water, nutrients and environmental
conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The natural resources are useful to human society in one way or
other. Hence we should ensure a continuous yield of useful plants, animals and
materials by establishing a balanced cycle of harvest and renewal (Odom -
1971).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Non-Renewable Resources:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Non renewable resources are not replenished able or we cannot get
back our coal and petroleum reserves in our life time, if ones they are
consumed/exhausted completely. Non-renewable resources are metals (iron,
copper, zinc etc.), coal, oil deposits, minerals, stone, mineral, salts
(Phosphate, nitrates, carbonates etc.) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Minerals are often called the 'STOCK' resources, because their new
materials can only be extracted from the earth's crust once. But even in the
transformed state in which they are used, they are not lost to the planet and
so are ideally available for reuse. Metals/minerals come from a very slow
process of geo-chemical concentration, which took millions of years to form.
Therefore, these deposits which occur today can disappear at some point of time
in future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Coal, petroleum and natural gas are called as 'FOSSIL FUELS'
because they are formed from dead remains of plants and animals buried in the
earth long ago. They are called fuels because they are burnt to give off
energy. Coal have a high heating value, hence it is a useful fuel. Since fossil
fuels are non-renewable sources of energy, therefore it is essential to explore
more and more alternatives. Today we are utilizing solar energy, wind energy,
ocean, geothermal & atomic energy as alternative sources of energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Minerals, rocks, salts and chemicals etc. are termed as 'a biotic
resources', as biological activity is not involved in their formation.
Continuous over exploitation of these resources shall exhaust many of our
valuable deposits, which took millions of years to form. They cannot be
duplicated within the human scale of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">THE SCARECROW</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Satyajit Ray)<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “The
Scarecrow” tells the story of man who dismisses his old servant on suspicion of
thieving. One day, when he is driving out of town his car runs out of petrol.
Forced to wait, the man spies a scarecrow in a field. The scarecrow suddenly
stirs to life. It is the old servant who says that he had never committed the
crime. The startled man decides he will never again accuse anyone without
ascertaining the facts first.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Who was Mriganko Shekhar Mukhopadhyay?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels. Feluda, the
sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, are
popular fictional characters created by him. The Government of India honored
him with the "Bharat Ratna" in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present short story, the protagonist Mriganko Shekhar
Mukopadhyay was a well-known Bengali writer. He was invited by a club in
Durgapur to a cultural function where he would be felicitated. He was an
amiable man. He never believed in superstitions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Why was he stuck in the middle of nowhere?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed
at children and adolescents. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the
scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters
created by him. The Government of India honored him with the "Bharat
Ratna" in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present short story, the protagonist Mriganko Shekhar
Mukopadhyay was a well-known Bengali writer. He was invited by a club in
Durgapur to a cultural function where he would be felicitated. He was stranded
in the middle of nowhere when his car ran out of petrol. Even though he pointed
out to his driver Sudhher to check the condition, he didn’t pay any attention.
It was because of his driver’s negligence he sat alone in the car in the middle
of nowhere for more than two and a half hours.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What did Mriganko Babu notice while waiting for his driver to
return? and</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. How did Mriganko Babu pass time while waiting for his driver?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed
at children and adolescents. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the
scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters
created by him. The Government of India honored him with the "Bharat
Ratna" in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the present short story, the protagonist Mriganko Shekhar
Mukopadhyay- a famous Bengali author, was stranded in the middle of nowhere
when his car ran out of petrol. He sends his driver to Panagarh to fetch
petrol. He had to while away the time till the driver returned. He lit a
cigarette and looked around the barren land stretched out for miles. It was
winter when the farmer completed his harvest. There was no sign of habitation
on one side. He could see a small hut standing next to a tamarind tree and the
row palm trees beyond which lay a dense, dark forest. On the other side he was
greeted by a few trees and two huts where there was no sign of people living.
In the middle of the field there was a scarecrow.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> He took out a detective novel
from his bag to read but could not concentrate on it either. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Describe Mriganko Babu’s reaction to the scarecrow?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed
at children and adolescents. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the
scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters
created by him. The Government of India honored him with the "Bharat Ratna"
in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mriganko Babu was stranded in the middle of nowhere when his car
ran out of petrol. While waiting for his driver to return, he saw a scarecrow
in the middle of the field on the western side in winter. He experienced the
selfish nature of fellow humans who never respond to same human suffering.
Unable to concentrate on anything, he walked a few faces in the middle of the
road. It seemed the road was deserted. But he felt someone else was there in
the cloudy evening. It was that scarecrow. It was fixed to the bamboo sticks
right in the middle of the field. It was wearing a torn, red and black printed
shirt. An earthen pot painted black, with huge white eyes had been placed
upside down as its head. It was a weird figure. He felt as if this weird figure
frightened birds to cause no harm to the crop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Who was the scarecrow?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed
at children and adolescents. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the
scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters
created by him. The Government of India honored him with the "Bharat
Ratna" in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mriganko Babu was stranded in the middle of nowhere when his car
ran out of petrol. While waiting for his driver to return, he saw a scarecrow
in the middle of the field on the western side in winter. At the sunset
Mriganko Babu found the scarecrow came to life. He heard that it was calling
him. He was trembled that it had spoken with a human voice. He recognized it.
It was Mriganko Babu’s old servant Abhiram. He remembered that Abhiram inivited
him to visit his village somewhere in this region at once. As the scarecrow
headed towards him, he was terrified and took a few steps back. It enquired
Mriganko Babu if he could recognize him. He mustered his courage and said it
was Abhiram. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Narrate the incident that occurred between Abhiram and Mriganko
Babu?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He was also a fiction
writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer
and film critic. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed
at children and adolescents. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the
scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters
created by him. The Government of India honored him with the "Bharat
Ratna" in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mriganko Babu was stranded in the middle of nowhere when his car
ran out of petrol. He found a scarecrow in the middle of the field. He
recognized it by its torn, red and black printed shirt that it was his old
servant Abhiram. He spoke to Mriganko Babu as a normal human. Abhiram lost his
job for stealing the gold watch of Mriganko Babu which was given as a wedding
gift. Abhiram asked him what had happened to him later. He could work nowhere
and fell ill. He had no money to go to the doctor and died. After his death his
son wore that red and black printed shirt for some time and kept it on me. And
that he had become a scarecrow. He said that he had been waiting for this time
to tell what had happened. His heart longed to prove that he was not a thief
but trusted servant. He asked Mriganko Babu to find the watch under the
wardrobe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. Justify the title of the story ‘The Scarecrow”.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: In the present short story “<b>The Scarecrow”</b>, a writer
gets stranded near a paddy field on his way to the city and encounters the
scarecrow in the field that becomes alive. It seemed to be a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Ghost</b>, which occupied an
abandoned burnt bungalow told about its past life and how it was to be a ghost.
In<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the case<span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>of Mrigaonko Babu</b>, the
protagonist felt that he had not evolved as a complete human being. The
scarecrow which had come to life and talked to him what had happened before.
Abhiram accused Mriganko Babu of being unjust toward him and made certain
revelations that created a dramatic twist in the story. It was not his fault to
lose trust least he was punished. He could not prove his honesty as he<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> was servant to his master.
Unable to cope with poverty, he could do no job anywhere and died. The story
presented the real human psyche where one had lost trust he could no longer
survive. People were also indifferent to the fellow human suffering. It was a
pathetic story of Abhiram who turned himself as a scarecrow and scared his
master. His heart longed till he proved that he was innocent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-10781402703430039672016-11-18T20:39:00.004-08:002016-11-18T20:39:56.349-08:00UNIT 3 ENGLISH NOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I B TECH I SEM :
ENGLISH NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT
3<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">EVALUATING
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluate
atleast three alternative sources of energy and explain how that would be
meeting the needs of Indian energy requirements</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Solar energy:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Solar energy is an important source of
renewable energy. <span style="background: white;">The large magnitude of solar
energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fossil
fuels are running out.</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Nearly every aspect of our lives now depends on electricity, and most of that
energy comes from limited fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If an alternative is not developed and widely
adopted before those fossil fuels run out we won’t have electricity, as a
result we’d have no computers, no lights, nothing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The chief drawback of solar energy is the
simple fact that<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>the sun
is not always available</strong>. In areas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that
have more cloudy days than sunny days, solar power falls short. That’s not even
considering the areas of the world that are heavily forested, located
underground, or plunged in darkness for months at a time (e.g., Alaska).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One way around this problem is to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>store solar energy in
batteries</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>so it can be
tapped on demand. This is, of course, predicated on the efficiency of batteries
and the assumption that they’ll be able to handle the potential load of mass
energy storage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Fortunately, the benefits of solar power far outweigh the drawbacks.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">For one,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>the
sun is always available</strong>. Not in the sense of day-and-night
availability, but in the sense that the sun will surely outlast the earth. For
as long as we call this planet our home, we will be able to harness the sun’s
light. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy will never run out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">An important ethical consideration is solar
power’s<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>lack of
environmental impact</strong>. Unlike fossil fuels, which generate an
unspeakable amount of pollution, widespread use of photovoltaic cells would be<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-eco-labels-electronics-know/"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">environmentally friendly</span></b></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">and reduce the human footprint on global
warming. Plus, we wouldn’t need to destroy the earth to harvest fuel – it comes
right to us through the atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 248, 248); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Solar cookers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 248, 248); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">For rural communities,
electricity and gas are prohibitively expensive, leaving charcoal and firewood
as the only alternative. Many times, wood is the single affordable option
because it is free. Unfortunately, it is also in short supply. Since burning wood
releases vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, health issues
arise for those exposed and global warming is aggravated. Often, people use
indoor fires to cook and inhale the micro-particles found in smoke, leading to
lung and heart disease. Using sunlight to cook your food requires no burning of
wood or other fuel, thereby minimizing dependence on wood for fuel and reducing
deforestation and the release of pollutants into the air.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A solar cooker made from
basic components provides a solution to many fuel and subsequent health
problems. A deflector made from cardboard and foil concentrates the suns
energy. It is positioned around a container filled with food or water. A black
pot with a glass lid effectively traps heat and energy, cooking food within
several hours.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Most<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>solar cookers work<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>on
the basic principle: Sunlight is converted to heat energy, that is retained for
cooking. The other main variety of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cookers<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>are called parabolic<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>solar cookers. They typically require more frequent reorientation
to the sun, but will cook more quickly at higher temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Although
there are many different designs for solar ovens or cookers available, there
are several basic principles that they utilize for heating strategy. An
effective solar cooker typically will use some if not all of these design
criteria:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A
method for concentrating the sunlight</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> A
material or device such as a mirror, foil, or reflective material is used to
channel concentrated sunlight and heat into a focused narrow area where the
food is to be placed for cooking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A
method for converting sunlight into heat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The
most effective color for absorbing sunlight and converting it to heat is black.
The cooker should be made of a conductive material with black to be most
efficient at absorbing and transferring heat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trapping
and containing heat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> It
is critical to contain the heat which has been created by the absorbed sunlight
within the solar oven, using some sort of clear solid barrier such as glass or
plastic, which allows the sun's rays through but minimizes the loss of the
created heat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biomass resources include wood and wood
wastes, agricultural crops and their waste byproducts, municipal solid waste,
animal wastes, waste from food processing and aquatic plants and algae. Biomass
is used to meet a variety of energy needs, including generating electricity,
heating homes, fuelling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial
facilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sources
of energy for cooking:</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Firewood and chips the most important source of energy
used for cooking in rural India, with 75% of the rural households dependent
upon it. The lower MPCE (Monthly Per
Capita Expenditure) classes in rural India used more firewood & chips
and dung cake for cooking. The higher MPCE classes in rural areas
used LPG in addition to firewood & chips, which remained the
dominant source for cooking in all rural households. In the urban India,
kerosene, firewood and chips and LPG are the important sources of energy used
for cooking. LPG is the most commonly
used energy source for cooking for households in all the social groups in urban
India. Other than LPG, Electricity and kerosene together served 99% of the
households as primary source for lighting in both rural and urban India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus we see that households generally use a
combination of energy sources for cooking that can be categorised as
traditional (such as dung, agricultural residues and fuelwood), intermediate
(such as charcoal and kerosene) or modern (such as LPG, biogas, ethanol gel,
plant oils, dimethyl ether (DME) and electricity). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electricity is mainly used for lighting and
small appliances, rather than cooking, and represents a small share of total
household consumption in energy terms.
Supplies of biomass are abundant in many developing countries, although
local scarcity exists. Indeed, they are the only affordable energy source for
some households. Biomass resources include wood and wood wastes, agricultural
crops and their waste byproducts, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, waste
from food processing and aquatic plants and algae. Biomass is used to meet a
variety of energy needs, including generating electricity, heating homes,
fuelling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Technology has become so much integrated in
our lives that we became slaves to it. So we have to succumb to the negative
effects of technology as do not have an alternative”. Do you agree with this
statement? Give reasons with real examples</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Benefit</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">s and problems of technology:</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Technology advances show
people a more efficient way to do things, and these processes get good results.
For example, education has been greatly advanced by the technological advances
of computers. Students are able to learn on a global scale without ever leaving
their classrooms. Agricultural processes that once required dozens upon dozens
of human workers can now be automated, thanks to advances in technology, which
means cost-efficiency for farmers. Medical discoveries occur at a much more
rapid rate, thanks to machines and computers that aid in the research process
and allow for more intense educational research into medical matters.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Advantages of technology:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Easy
Access to information</span></u></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: It has become very easy to get access to relevant information at any
time anywhere. This has been possible because of modern technologies like
broadband internet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Encourages
innovation and creativity</span></u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">– Since technology is challenging, it sparks
the brain to </span><a href="http://www.useoftechnology.com/technology-workplace-2/" title="The Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in the Workplace"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">work</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">to its full potential. The creative
works which have been facilitated by modern technology include Google,
Apple, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Improved
communication</span></u></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Communication is like water to life. We can not develop without </span><a href="http://www.useoftechnology.com/communication-technologies/" title="4 New Communication Technologies to Improve Organizational Communication"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">communication</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Modern technology has blessed us with
advanced communication technology tools. These can include e-fax machines,
electronic mail, mobile phones,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.useoftechnology.com/virtual-meeting-technologies/" title="5 Best Virtual Meeting Technologies – Communication Technology"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">video conferencing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, instant text messaging applications, social
networking applications. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
convenience of Travelling</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Modern
transportation technology makes it very easy to travel long distances.
Transport is a very important both in our lives and in the business world. Nowadays, one can cover a 10 miles distance
within a few minutes or hours using electric trains or airplanes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Improved
housing and lifestyle</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> This is another
great way how modern technology has simplified our lives. New architectural
technology has improved the types of housed we build nowadays. Most of items in
our house are now automated, for example, doors use fingerprints which
guarantee security. Remote webcams which you can use to monitor what goes
on at your home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Improved
Entertainment</span></u></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Modern technology has played a big role in changing the entertainment industry.
Home entertainment has improved with the invention of video games and
advance music and visual systems like smart televisions which can connect live
to the internet so that a user can share what they’re watching with friends.
Easy access and storage of music services like iTunes allow users to purchase
and download music on iPods at a small cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Efficiency
and Productivity</span></u></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Modern technology has helped businesses increase production. A farmer uses modern technology right from
the day of preparing the farmland to the day of harvesting. They save a lot of
time and money during this process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <strong>Convenience in Education</strong></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Learning is a process and it is part
of our daily lives. Modern technology has made it simple for students to learn
from anywhere through online<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.useoftechnology.com/technology-for-education/" title="The Advantage of New Technology for Education"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">education</span></a><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">and mobile education. Also, students
now use modern technology in classrooms to learn better. For example, students
use iPads to share visual lessons and examples with peers in the classroom.
This has made learning more convenient and fan. Also new modern educational
technologies support individual learning which gives a chance to students to
learn on their own with no need of tutors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Social
Networking</span></u></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Modern technology has made it simple to discover our old friends
and also discover new people to network with. This is a benefit to both
individuals and businesses. Many businesses have embraced the social networking
technology to interact with their customers. Users of social networks can
share information with friends, live chat with them and interact in all sorts
of ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Changed
the health industry</span></u></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nowadays most
hospitals have implemented modern technology in surgical rooms. This has
reduced the mistakes made by doctors. Humans can easily make mistakes because
of work overload and stress factors. Also, the business community has developed
health applications which can enable us to monitor our health and weight. These
applications can be used on mobile phones, so users can have them at any time
of the day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <strong><u><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">DISADVANTAGES OF
MODERN TECHNOLOGY:</span></u></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><strong><u><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><br /></span></u></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b><u>Dependency</u></b>: The more advanced society becomes
technologically, the more people begin to depend on computers and other forms
of technology for everyday existence. This means that when a machine breaks or
a computer crashes, humans become almost disabled until the problem is
resolved. This kind of dependency on technology puts people at a distinct
disadvantage, because they become less self-reliant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Less Value In Human Workers:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Human workers retain less value, which is a
disadvantage of technological advances. Because machines automate processes and
do the work of 10 people with one computer, companies find they don't need to
employ as many people to get the job done. As machines and computers become
even more advanced and efficient, this will continue to be a growing disadvantage
of technology and an issue that has a global impact. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Increased
loneliness</span></u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Social Isolation is on the increase, people are spending more time
playing video games, learning how to use new modern technologies, using social
networks and they neglect their real life. Technology has replaced our old way
of interacting. If a user can easily interact with 100 friends online, they
will feel no need to going out to make real friends which at a later stage
leads to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.useoftechnology.com/effects-technology-children/" title="Effects of Technology on Children"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">loneliness</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Job
Loss</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Modern technology has replaced many humans;
robots are doing the jobs which used to be done by humans. Many packing firms
have employed robots on production lines to increase production and efficiency,
this is good news for businesses because it helps them make more money and
serve customers in time, but it is bad news to employees because they get
replaced by a robot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Competency</span></u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">– Increased dependency on modern tools like calculators has reduced on
our creativity. You can find a student when they can solve a very simple
mathematical equation without using a calculator. This affects the way this
student uses their brains and reduces the level of creativity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">World
destruction weapons</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: </span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Modern technology
has been the main aid in the increasing and endless wars. It aids the
manufacturing of modern war weapons which will require testing. So when these
weapons get into the hands of criminals, they will use them for their selfish
reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Technology - boon or bane!</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The modern world despite all its technological innovations and
inventions has not been successful in keeping human beings on earth together.
We have the best gadgets, technologies and the rest of it but these have not
been able to serve the purpose as the world is increasingly becoming a
community centric place, each claiming their own place under the sun. Each
nation is trying to assert their superiority and authority over others and the
oddest side to this game is that these nations have communities inside them who
too are seeking independence and sovereignty. The latest among them is United
Kingdom (UK) where Scotland is
going for a referendum this month to seek independence from the UK and add as a
new country into the European Union (EU). If the September 18 referendum favors
creation of Scotland as an independent state then Great Britain will certainly
not remain as great as it is today. Britain, which ruled the world through its
colonialism will be a fractured democracy despite being a member of the EU and
geographically located in one of the most advanced parts of the world. But the
question that haunts is advancement, unbelievable technological development and
all those stuffs that helps a nation boast of at the first place is enough to
keep the union going. Well, no matter whatever is the reason but these world
developments indicates that preserving racial identities is a global concern
now followed by the role of politics, businesses and what comes next in this
list.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Although, sovereignty of any state will have a higher degree of
politics and people’s will involved but what about families, neighborhoods,
public institutions and all those classifications that is centered around
humanity. They are faltering like ninepins, be it anywhere in the world, from
the northeastern part of India to Africa to Europe, Middle East, in fact the
world as a whole. Technology which is shaping up human lives in every
possible manner, unimaginably, is also the bane here. If we see the use of
social networking in recent times, it has created more friction in societies
over the world than the good that it was designed with. Countries like China
have come up with their own set of legislation towards use of such sites but
this undreamed of freedom of expression is sinking more into the world of
spreading hatred, jealousy, igniting comments, fanaticism and the rest which
has created commotion and has even taken lives in many nations. Mischief
mongers, groups with extremist motives use these platforms as it is very easy
to open a fictitious account and do maximum harm, all but free. The time has
come when users must be asked to produce documents, as required while opening
bank accounts, to create email and social networking accounts given the number
of misuse and damages that these ‘camouflaging’ mediums are producing on a
daily scale. It cannot go on and on like what it is now where nuisance is going
unabatedly as these forums have become safe heavens for them. No matter how
good the intentions are but it cannot be denied that these mediums are playing
mischief and has divided this world more than the wars and crimes it has seen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We cannot deny the fact that most of these technological developments
have truly taken place in advanced countries, mostly in America and Europe. If
we analyze their use, form and freedom they are actually developed targeting
the free economy and people of these nations. For an average American or a
European, it is “cool” to say and post comments, which is a trend in their
societies. Now, if some of these comments create any type of fissure in the
country then they have a holistic legal framework in place to correct them. But
in countries, outside the parent countries where these technologies are
developed, it may not be in sync at the first place and the increasing
animosities, trapping to false mails, creating law and order issues are some
that is constantly reported in countries in Asia and other parts of the world.
It has to be understood that technologies are after all the manifestation of
intelligence inside a human brain and that manifestation may not necessarily
work well all the time at all places until and unless it is a divine sanctity.
What one cannot say, write or speak in regular frontline media, these social
networking sites are thus allowing public to vent their anger with the most
foulest of language never ever seen in any public domain earlier because it is
just enough for the owner of such sites to escape prosecution with a
nondescript disclaimer that any comments posted are not the views of these
sites. In fact this disclaimer is the root cause of the danger associated with
these sites. How absurd it is that the owners of such sites are roaming scot-free
whereas a slightly absurd comment in the regular media, bosses are taken to
task. The comments made in the social networking sites are not confined to
specified geographical boundaries as seen in case of newspapers, television
channels since they can be read and seen by anybody in any parts of the world
and create local trouble. Their circulation is worldwide and so their bosses
should be held more responsible for any problems that arises out of comments,
videos and others postings in their sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The divided world, in which we live, where families are
shortened to a pigeon hole, is actually the result of our efforts trying to
instill technology practically in everything in our daily lives. We have
literally become slaves instead of technology being our slaves. This
penetration into critical areas of human lives, where a human touch can do much
good than any technological interference, is changing the dynamics of our
society. Today people tend to rely on technology more as they prevent
themselves from every possible personal contact with fellow beings and keep
that up through the use of gadgets citing pretexts of one thing or other.
People say, “we will keep in touch” whereas a neighbor is seen conversing via
technology instead of a possible meet. This virtual reality is the new reality
now as good wishes, greetings, condolences and everything else are all but
possible through technology. The gap thus remains since there is no alternative
to human to human contact and technology can never fill up that gap.
Technologies which are designed to simplify human lives on earth have rather
complicated it alarmingly. We may get heart-attack, nightmares and the rest if
we are asked to imagine our lives for a day without it. But then what good have
technologies done instead of taking us away from our roots. A rootless
civilization will not last and continue to rupture no matter how advanced is
our technologies. It is like shielding the exterior more and more ignoring the
vital interior which is collapsing all the time and will bring down everything,
one day. The present world civilization is sustaining on this falling core.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Verger<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(William Somerset Maugham)<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It's a short story from<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Cosmopolitans</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>published in 1936.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Author<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> William Somerset Maugham
(se pronounce Mom) is an English writer, but he lived until he was 10 in Paris
and he then travelled a lot. Because of his travel he acquired a cosmopolitan
outlook. He wrote novels and short stories which<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Rain</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>is the best know. Other major
works are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Moon and
Sixpence, Cakes and Ales</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Razor’s Edge.</em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><em><br /></em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Albert Edward Foreman is
a verger since sixteen years. He like his job and do it as good as he can.
Recently the vicar has died and a new one had been appointed. Albert Edward
regretted his predecessor because the new one always wanted to control
everything. The vicar has a special talent, which is to make babies stop crying
when he is holding them. He wants to talk to Foreman. He is surprised to see the
two church wardens with him. He seems for him, that the two men did what the
vicar want, but don’t agreed with him. Before being a verger, Foreman was a
servant in very good houses. The vicar told Foreman, that he has heard that he
couldn’t read or write. Foreman confirms it. The vicar told him, that it is
impossible to have a verger who cannot read and write. Foreman doesn’t want to
learn, so he will have to go. He was polite until he was outside of the church,
there he became sad. He doesn’t want to be servant again, because now he has
been his own master. He wants a cigarette but cannot find a shop anywhere. The
next day he opens a little shop and set up a business as a tobacconist and
newsagent. Albert Edward did very well. With the time he opens more shops and
becomes richer. One day the banker told him, that he should invest all his
money. The only thing he has to do is to sign the transfers, but because he
can’t read that becomes a problem. The banker is very surprised to see that
this successful man can’t read or write. He is wondering what he would now
been, if he could read and write. Albert Edward answered that he would be a
verger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Albert Edward was a very good verger and just
because he can’t read or write they dismiss him. When he could make this job
without this capacity, why should they change the verger?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The vicar wasn’t right with Albert Edward and
so he did right to left his job. But on the other side, it would have been an
opportunity for him to learn writing and reading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Albert Edward is very lucky, because if he
couldn’t read or write, he couldn’t have been long at school and so it was a
bit of luck, that he could make his shops run, but he has probably a certain
talent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This story makes us thinking about the
importance of a good education. It’s certain that we need it, but the moral is,
that the most important he what we did with our knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s an ironic story. First it’s tragic and
at the end funny.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Albert is a very calm person, not stupid, even
if he can’t write and read<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The
vicar work in a fashionable church. He wants to make it more fashionable, but
he didn’t see the spiritual sight of it. It’s not important for him. He is
frightened of a scandal, but Albert is a good verger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Short Questions & Answers</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. What was Albert Foreman’s Profession? Or What kind of person is
Albert Foreman?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and
manual duties of the vicarage.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He
was so devoted in his profession that<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>there
were no complaints against him till now.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Albert
started his career as a page-boy in the house of a merchant prince. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He had risen by due degrees from the
position of a footman to a single handed butler to a widowed peeress. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Later, he joined as a Verger at St.
Peter’s Neville square.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Q. What were Foreman’s feelings about the new vicar?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and
manual duties of the vicarage. He loved his job and there were no complaints
about him until a new vicar from the east end was appointed in St. Peter’s
Neville Square. Albert found the new vicar was very different from the
predecessor. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He was a
red-faced energetic man in the early forties. In his opinion the new vicar was
a man of discreet ways of his fashionable congregation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Q. Why does the new vicar want the Foreman to leave his position?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and
manual duties of the vicarage. He loved his job and there were no complaints
about him until a new vicar from the east end was appointed in St. Peter’s
Neville Square. Albert found the new vicar was very different from the
predecessor. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He was a
red-faced energetic man in the early forties. In his opinion the new vicar was
a man of discreet ways of his fashionable congregation. One day christening
ceremony was conducted by the new vicar. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>After that, the new vicar called the
verger to the vestry. The vicar praised Albert for his sincerity and capability
of doing the work. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He also
pointed out the illiteracy of the vergerand immediately fired him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Q. What happens when the Foreman walks out of the church?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and
manual duties of the vicarage. He loved his job and there were no complaints
about him until a new vicar from the east end was appointed in St. Peter’s
Neville Square. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In spite of
his love for the job, the new vicar fired him that he could not read. After
giving his resignation, the verger locked and walked out of the church. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He was sad. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He did not know what to do next. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He took a wrong road out of his
sadness. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He wanted to smoke
a cigarette. He searched for a shop to buy a cigarette. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He could not find a shop to buy a
cigarette. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He stopped and
looked reflectively up and down. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Then
he decided to start a tobacco shop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Q. What happens when the Foreman walks out of the church?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and manual
duties of the vicarage.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In spite
of his love for the job, the new vicar fired him that he could not read. After
giving his resignation, the verger locked and walked out of the church. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He was sad. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Albert explained his wife about
starting<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>a very practical
business. Within twenty four hours, he took a shop in the street and
started the business as a tobacconist and news Agent. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Later he took up a second shop and put
a manager in. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Within ten
years, he had acquired no less than ten shops. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He earned much and deposited in a
bank. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A man lost his low-paying job as a verger because it was
discovered that he was illiterate, but he adapted to his problem by becoming a
successful shopkeeper. He found that he was better off being illiterate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Q. Narrate the discussion between the bank manager and Foreman.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">William
Somerset Maugham was a British playwright, novelist, and the author of numerous
short stories. ‘The Verger’ is a story with an unexpected twist, much like many
other stories by Somerset Maugham<b>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>It
is a simple tale about a simple man who does his duties with great joy and
dedication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Albert Edward Foreman<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>has
been the verger of his church for sixteen years, doing all the menial and
manual duties of the vicarage. A man lost his low-paying job as a verger
because it was discovered that he was illiterate. He started a tobacco store
where he found the place fit to his practical business.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Within ten years, he had acquired no
less than ten shops. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He
earned much and deposited in a bank. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">One day the manager at the bank told Albert that Albert had thirty
thousand pounds in his account. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
manager added that his money would be deposited in various schemes and would
set better rates of interest. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The
manager asked him to read and sign the bond. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Albert replied that he couldn’t read
and write. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The manager was
stunned and asked with wonder what he would have become if he had been able to
read and write. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Albert
replaced that he would be the Verger of St. Peter’s Neville square.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The writer highlights the strength of the human spirit that can
triumph over all obstacles, through sheer courage and determination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-39923029408035886192016-11-18T16:38:00.000-08:002016-11-18T16:38:45.738-08:00I B TECH I SEM ENGLISH NOTES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIMRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I B TECH I SEM :
ENGLISH NOTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DR. SHAIK SHAHEEN TAJ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MBA., MA., M PHIL., PHD.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIT : 1<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">HUMAN RESOURCES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define human resources and
give an example to say that human resources are invaluable.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Human resources are human beings whose
contribution is used by the society for different purposes. Human resources have a key role in the
betterment of society. The prosperity of a country is determined by the skill,
efficiency and attitude of the human resources. The greatest and the most
precious asset of a country is its people as it is they who exploit all natural
resources and potentials of a region. Many countries have been able to develop
themselves due to the will, capacity and skill of human resources. The skilled,
educated and healthy human resources increase the production, employment
opportunities and levels of living of people. These people form the wealth of a
nation. Human resource is an important factor of economic development. There is
a close relationship between population and economic development. The more
developed is the human resource of a country the more developed is that country
as a whole. We have numerous examples of human resources. Few are mentioned
below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The worker in a factory works with
various machinery</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A trader some buys and sells or barters</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">An architect designs buildings and
advises in their construction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A scientist works in a branch of science</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A plumber lays water and sewage
pipelines</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A mason uses brick and mortar and builds
houses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A nurse cares for the sick and infirm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In
India at least two-thirds of the working population earn their living through
agricultural works. They along with the
workers i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">n a factory enhance
production and increase the economy of a country. Businessmen and traders not
only benefit themselves but they contribute a lot to the society by providing
job opportunities to many people. Thus they improve the economy of a country. Engineers
are creators, designers, fashioners and builders. They have a key role to play
in the development of the country. Scientists have discovered and invented many
things, such as, computers, electricity, various forms of transportation,
communication etc. They have contributed in the biological, medical and
physical sciences as well as those concerned with technology. Apart from the
human resources mentioned here we have lot many human beings contributing to
the social services too. Thus we see that human resources play a vital role in
the economic development of a country. <span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Migration<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Migration
is movement from one place to another.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Human migration</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">is the movement by people from one place to
another with the intentions of settling temporarily or permanently in the new
location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to
another. Internal migration is the dominant migration. People migrate from
rural to urban areas in search of better employment and living conditions. Individuals,
family units or large groups migrate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">People migrate to developed countries, or industrialised
city areas within countries to earn more money. Young people move in order to
get better jobs or improve their qualifications, including their language
skills. Lack of prospects
for career advancement also makes people to migrate. They migrate due to
poverty, low incomes and high unemployment rates. Poor human rights, internal
conflict and war also make people to migrate. Natural disasters, climate change
and famine are also few reasons to migrate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Others than human beings birds and animals too migrate
from one place to another and from one country to the other. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Animal
migration</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">is the relatively long-distance movement, usually on a
seasonal basis. It is found in all major animal groups, including<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">birds</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, mammals,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">fish</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, reptiles, amphibians,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">insects</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> etc migrate. The reasons
for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, season of
the year or for mating. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="background: white;">Animals migrate
for a variety of reasons. Migration is a behavioural adaptation that helps animals
survive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To
migrate some animals use landmarks like rivers and streams to find their way.
Other animals may navigate by the position of the sun and stars. Scientists
think some animals use smell to figure out where they are going. And there are
some species that may use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate. However they
do it, migration is a behavioural adaptation that has evolved over time to help
animals survive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/atlanticsalmonusfwEdwardPeterSteenstra.jpg" title="The Atlantic Salmon begins its life in a river and migrates downstream to the ocean. <br><h4>Image Credit: US Fish and Wildlife </h4>
"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Atlantic Salmon begins its life in a river and migrates downstream to the
ocean. After several years, it heads back upstream to lay eggs and begin the
cycle all over again. </span><a href="http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/loggerheadturtleusfwryanhagerty.jpg" title="Some sea turtles, like the loggerhead, return year-after-year to the same sandy beach on which they hatched to lay their eggs. <br><h4>Image Credit: US Fish and Wildlife </h4>
"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Frogs
and toads often move very short distances to breeding ponds and lakes to lay their
eggs. Some sea turtles, return year-after-year to the same sandy beach on which
they hatched to lay their eggs.</span><a href="http://www.nhptv.org/wild/images/littlebrownbatusfw.jpg" title="Little brown bats live in trees in warm months, then in cold weather they migrate to caves where it is warmer.<br><h4>Image Credit: US Fish and Wildlife </h4>
"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/littlebrownbat.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Little brown bats</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> live
in trees in warm months, then in cold weather they migrate to caves where it is
warmer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Which
are the countries that attract a large number of Indian workers?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>India has one of the world's most
diverse and complex migration histories. Since the 19th century, ethnic Indians
have established communities on every continent as well as on islands in the
Caribbean and the Pacific and Indian oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
composition of flows has evolved over time from mainly indentured labor in
far-flung colonies to postwar labor for British industry to high-skilled
professionals in North America and low-skilled workers in the Middle East. In
addition, ethnic Indians in countries like Kenya and Suriname have migrated to
other countries, a movement called secondary migration. I would like to provide
a broad overview of Indian migration flows and major populations worldwide,
both in the past and more recently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">Emigration
during Colonial Rule</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
ancient times, Indian traders established bases around the Indian and the
Pacific oceans, especially in East Africa and Western and Southeast Asia.
However, those flows were not the basis for Indian migration in the 19th
century or the global dispersion seen today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rather,
flows of the last 175 years began with the era of British colonial rule. The
British had strategic portions of India under their control by the end of the
18th century and gained control over more territory in the 19th century. In
1834, Britain began exporting Indian labor to Mauritius. The Netherlands and
France, which replicated the British system, also relied on Indian workers. By
1878, Indians were working in Guyana, Trinidad, Natal (South Africa), Suriname,
and Fiji.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">Minor
Migration Flows to Northern America and the United Kingdom</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Emigration
to the United Kingdom and Northern America started during colonial rule in
India. However, the number of emigrants was insignificant, both in relation to
emigration from India, and to total immigration to those countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Between
1820 and 1900, no more than 700 persons moved from India to the United States.
In the following 30 years, this number rose to a still insignificant 8,700;
most were Punjabi Sikhs who worked in agriculture in California. Anti-Asian
legislation in 1917 and 1924 banned immigration from south or Southeast Asia,
including India, and ensured that Asians would not qualify for naturalization
or land ownership. In 1904, there were about 100 Indians in Canada, also part
of the British Empire at that time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">Post-Independence
Migration to High-Wage Economies</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
the first decades after independence, unskilled, skilled, and professional
workers (mostly male Punjabi Sikhs) migrated from India to the United Kingdom.
This is commonly attributed to Britain's postwar demand for low-skilled labor,
postcolonial ties, and the United Kingdom's commonwealth immigration policy,
which allowed any citizen of a Commonwealth country to live, work, vote, and
hold public office in the United Kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Between
1995 and 2005, half of the Europe-bound Indian immigrants headed to the United
Kingdom. The other half opted for other EU countries, primarily Germany and
Italy, which received 18 percent and 12 percent of the flows, respectively.
Substantial Indian migration to Northern America started only in the late
1960s. Both in the United States and Canada, major changes in immigration
policy affected immigration flows generally, and Indian immigration
specifically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
Immigration Act of 1990, effective from 1995, facilitated this process further
by introducing the H-1B temporary worker category. This visa category allows
U.S. businesses to hire foreigners with at least a bachelor's degree in
"specialty occupations" including scientists, engineers, and IT
specialists. Indian citizens are by far the top recipients of H-1B visas each
year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>What kind of jobs do Indians
primarily seek in other countries?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>India has one of the world's most
diverse and complex migration histories. Since the 19th century, ethnic Indians
have established communities on every continent as well as on islands in the
Caribbean and the Pacific and Indian oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The composition
of flows has evolved over time from mainly indentured labor in far-flung
colonies to postwar labor for British industry to high-skilled professionals in
North America and low-skilled workers in the Middle East. In addition, ethnic
Indians in countries like Kenya and Suriname have migrated to other countries,
a movement called secondary migration. I would like to provide a broad overview
of Indian migration flows and major populations worldwide, both in the past and
more recently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
ancient times, Indian traders established bases around the Indian and the
Pacific oceans, especially in East Africa and Western and Southeast Asia. On
the labor-supply side of the equation, poverty among the South Asian peasantry
accounted for the principal reason to leave the subcontinent. The bulk of
workers in most French colonies, such as Guadeloupe, Martinique, and La
Reunion, as well as the majority of indentured laborers in Natal (South Africa)
were Indians. Laborers, mostly from rural areas, would initially sign up for a
five-year contract. In addition to low-skilled workers, members of India's
trading communities settled in many countries where indentured laborers had
been brought or where business opportunities in the British Empire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
the first decades after independence, unskilled, skilled, and professional
workers migrated from India to the United Kingdom. This is commonly attributed
to Britain's postwar demand for low-skilled labor, postcolonial ties, and the
United Kingdom's commonwealth immigration policy, which allowed any citizen of
a Commonwealth country to live, work, vote, and hold public office in the
United Kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
many cases, the increased flow of Indians was triggered by European
governments' attempts to tap India's highly skilled labor force. For example,
Germany's temporary migration scheme, labeled "green card" and in
place between 2000 and 2005, deliberately targeted Indian IT professionals. In
the United States, the 1965 Immigration Act, which came fully into force in
1968, abolished national-origins quotas and made it possible for high-skilled
immigrants from India, to gain permanent residence and bring their family
members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">India's
domination of computer-trained temporary workers is mainly attributed to the
large supply pool in India and to the fact that prior waves of Indian IT
workers had successfully established a significant presence in that industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Significant
migration from India to the Persian Gulf began in the 1970s, following the oil
boom. Since then, an increasing number of semi- and unskilled workers from
South India have worked in the gulf countries on temporary migration schemes in
the oil industry and in services and construction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">What
are the reasons for Indians seeking employment outside the country?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ans:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>India has one of the world's most
diverse and complex migration histories. Since the 19th century, ethnic Indians
have established communities on every continent as well as on islands in the
Caribbean and the Pacific and Indian oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There
are various reasons for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indians
seeking employment outside the country. The reasons usually include two aspects
which respectively come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries,
the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of
opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc.;
in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom,
developed economy, better living conditions, etc.). In terms of individual
reasons, there are family influence, and personal preference: preference for
exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">India
has skilled and semi-skilled, employed and unemployed human resource. Low
salaries and inefficient working conditions can be the first motive that
triggers the movement to the countries with better living standards and
facilities. There is huge difference in terms of salary in all three groups of
countries namely developed, developing and underdeveloped. To demonstrate,
Skilled workers aim to get pleasing salaries in return for their labour but the
working conditions in their homeland don't fulfill their wishes. Therefore,
those workers prefer to move another country in order to have better living
conditions with high salaries. Employment is one of the strong reason for brain
drain in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
growth in knowledge intensive activities in the developed world has led to a
growing demand for Science and Engineering professionals. With an important
reserve of trained people in this domain, India is becoming a major supplier of
human capital for the advanced economies. India is sending large numbers of
these specialists compared to other important origin countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">One of the main
reasons is the widespread<span class="apple-converted-space"> unemployment </span>and
underemployment in our country. The excess of skilled professionals in
India has bred an army of educated unemployed. Rather than return home to
unemployment, skilled Indians prefer to stay back in the West, where
professionals command at better market value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The lack of research
facilities in India is also one of the causes for Indians seeking employment
outside the country. Scientists and other research professionals need
sophisticated equipment to carry on their research related works.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The better job
conditions and higher standard of living in those countries lure these qualified
professionals to decide to stay on there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Srinivasa Ramanujan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Srinivasa Ramanujan, a poor uneducated Indian, was one of the
greatest and most unusual mathematical geniuses who ever lived, was born on 22<sup>nd</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>December in 1887 in Erode in
Tamilnadu. He grew up in Kumbakonam where his father K. Sirnivasa Iyengar
worked as an accountant in a sari shop. His mother Kamalat Ammal was a house
wife and also sang songs at local temple. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Childhood:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Srinivasa Ramanujan started his schooling in 1892. He did not
like school though he completed high school and tried twice to obtain a college
education. But he failed both times because he was so obsessed by mathematics
that he simply could not spend anytime on other subjects. He started excelling
in mathematics. He came to think of his results or the source of his incredible
outpouring of mathematics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Early Life:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In 1909, when Ramanujan was 22 years old, he married 9 year old
Janaki and took a clerical position in Madras Port Trust Office to support her
and his mother who lived with them. While working as clerk, Ramanujan continued
to pour out math results on wrapping paper in the office. He was tied up with
mathematics in such a way that he forgot event to eat. His wife and his mother
used to feed him at meal times so that he would continue writing while he
ate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Education & Research:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Fortunately, both the chairman and manager of <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Madras Port Trust Office were
engineers who recognized his extraordinary mathematical talent. They urged him
to send his results to English mathematics. He wrote to HF Baker & EW
Hobson of Cambridge University. Both returned his letters without comment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Then on 16<sup>th</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>June 1913, he wrote to GH Hardy. He
invited Ramanujan to come to England to study with him <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Ramanujan accepted his invitation and
arrived at Trinity college in April 1914. Hardy characterizes Ramanujan as a
very great mathematician full of paradoxes, who defies all judgment. Ramanujan
worked very hard in collaboration with GH Hardy. He used to work 24 to 36 hrs
at a stretch and collapse and sleep for 12 hrs or more at a time. As he was a
vegetarian it was difficult for him for food in England. It resulted that he
was affected by mysterious illness that might be vitamin B2 deficiency caused
by his poor diet. He returned to India in 1919. He died a year later at the age
of 32. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ramanujan left behind 3
notebooks, which he wrote before coming to England and which are filled with as
many as 4000 results. GH Hardy showed a colleague of his Ramanujan’s strange
letter which was crammed with as many as 60 mathematical theorems and formulas
stated without any proofs. He made a significant contribution to mathematical
analysis, number theory and continued fractions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #414141;">Justify the
decision taken by Indian government to celebrate Srinivasa Ramanujam’s birthday
as National Mathematics Day. Describe the instances that proves him to be a
genius.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">India</span></a>, the day December 22 has been declared as the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>National Mathematics Day</b>. The
declaration was made by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prime
Minister of India</span></a>,
during the inaugural ceremony of the birth of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujam" title="Srinivasa Ramanujam"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Srinivasa
Ramanujam</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>held at the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_University" title="Madras University"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Madras University</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Centenary Auditorium on 26 February
2012. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Manmohan_Singh" title="Dr Manmohan Singh"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr
Manmohan Singh</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>also announced that the year 2012<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>would be celebrated as the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mathematics_Year" title="National Mathematics Year"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">National
Mathematics Year</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Srinivasa
Ramanujan is the man who knew Infinity. He is one of the greatest and most
unusual mathematical geniuses who ever lived. He had inborn mathematical
ability. He has given some very fundamental problems in number theory and
analysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="selectionshareable" style="background: white; line-height: 13.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Srinivasa
Ramanujan Iyengar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" target="_blank"></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was born to a Tamil Family on 22
December 1887 in India. He later went onto become one of the most reputed
mathematicians from India. He was never professional trained to be a
mathematician but the contribution he made to the world of mathematics is
incomparable and really appreciable. His keen desire to discover new theorems
made him rediscover the old ones and brought him under the limelight. Indian scientists
and mathematicians recognized his potential at early stage and congratulated
him for his amazing skills and efforts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ramanujam was so obsessed with his mathematics that he
did not want to stop even to eat. He worked in an office. The chairman and the
manager of his office who were engineers recognised that he had extraordinary
mathematical talent. They encouraged Ramanujam to send his results to English
mathematicians, who might evaluate them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Srinivasa Ramanujan
started an exquisite of discoveries and rediscoveries with G.H.Hardy. G.H.Hardy
OF Cambridge University invited Ramanujam to England to study with him. He
characterises Ramanujan as a very great mathematician. Together Srinivasa and
G.H Hardy rewrote hundreds of algorithm/theorems and changed the world of
mathematics forever and ever. Together they did great discoveries. The word
spread soon and Srinivasa left for England only to return with an ailing
disease. His return in 1920 marked the beginning of his bad health, which
apparently led to death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Srinivasa
discovered around 3900 theorems and rewrote hundreds of other existing theorem.
His theorems were accepted by the varied International Societies concerned with
Mathematics. He left behind three notebooks which include 4000 results. He even
left behind the papers he published in England. He left behind the results he
discovered during the last year of his life. Though his collection is
incomplete it has given researches more than enough t work on. Mathematicians
are finding that their clever new ideas were discovered first by Ramanujan.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Seven decades
after the death of Srinivasa the world realized, how very true and accurate he
was with his discoveries and rediscoveries. He leveraged the world with a new
direction but all this happened only after he was dead. Srinivasa died at an
early age of 32 and left the world with a lot of secrets to be resolved and
discovered.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I agree the
decision taken by Indian government to honour such wonderful mathematician is
apt.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="selectionshareable" style="background: white; line-height: 13.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">An Ideal Family – Katherine Mansfield</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Analysis</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"An Ideal Family" was written by </span><a href="http://www.gradesaver.com/author/katherine-mansfield"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Katherine
Mansfield</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and first published in the literary magazine
the <i>Sphere</i> on August 20, 1921 and later incorporated
into </span><a href="http://www.gradesaver.com/the-garden-party"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
Garden Party</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and Other Stories</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> in
1922. Set in New Zealand, possibly in Wellington, "An Ideal Family"
is an examination of self-worth within a family social structure as seen
through the eyes of an aging patriarch. Mansfield, ever the modernist, often
experimented with structure and narrative. Although the story appears
structure-less, the third person narrative and the internal monologue of the
protagonist, Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s progression around the inner
struggle of the main character as he comes to terms with his pending
retirement. The third person narrative supports the plot, allowing the reader
an aerial view of Mr. Neave’s circumstances as well as intimate access to his
inner thoughts as he navigates life outside of his office.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Neave, a successful businessman, is reluctant to
leave his profession and only source of true identity. His home life is
dominated by his family, who he barely recognizes anymore, and he feels both
unwelcome and out of place in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr.
Neave prided himself on his sense of duty and committed work ethic, which
allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his family. Now Mr.
Neave sees his wife and adult children as if for the first time, realizing that
he does not know them as well as he should and resents their dominate presence
in his home. Life has passed him by. He isolated himself from his family in
order to build his business, an investment that enabled him to successfully
provided his family with everything they desired. Now that he is of retirement
age; however, he finds he is a burden at home, corralled by his grown daughters
into doing what they want and coddled by his wife who seems only passingly
interested in his wellbeing. Mr. Neave’s self-worth is solely invested in his
business but now that the balance of work and play has been disrupted by his
failing health, he fears the loss of both his identity as a businessman and the
collapse of his company by his negligent son, Harold who lacks any sense of
duty or familial responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Duty and responsibility are important themes in the
overall text, usually in association with a character like Mr. Neave who prides
himself on his work ethic. Mr. Neave was motivated to work hard in order to
support his family and to accommodate their extravagant lifestyle. Often
complimented on his “ideal family,” Mr. Neave thought of his wife and children
as an extension of his success in the business world. Having reached his own
high standards he is disappointed by his children’s lack of discipline and
ambition. He is especially disappointed in his son, Harold. Mansfield uses
effeminate language to describe Harold’s appearance. Mr. Neave thinks his son
is unnaturally beautiful for a man with full lips and eyelashes. Some scholars
believe this is an indication of bisexuality, which would have been most
distressing from Mr. Neave’s conservative viewpoint. Mr. Neave believes Harold
has been overly petted and pampered by the women in his life, especially by his
mother and sisters. As a result he has adopted a careless attitude toward
business and prefers a leisurely existence in direct conflict with his father’s
point of view. How then can Mr. Neave leave his business to Harold in good
consciousness not knowing if it will remain successful? If the business fails,
who will support his family? Similarly none of his daughters are married or
seem interested in leaving his home or starting a family of their own. They
seem content living with one another and their mother while Mr. Neave pays for
their parties, horses, sports, and seaside vacations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender relations in "An Ideal Family" are
very interesting. Mansfield has a talent for realism and masterfully
illustrates various points of view on marriage and family in her collected
works. She is especially adept at creating sympathy for characters, like Mr.
Neave who would otherwise seems unsavory in the eyes of the opposite sex.
Preoccupied with his work, Mr. Neave leaves the management of his home to his
wife and adult daughters. In doing so he relinquishes any authority in the home
and once he succumbs to the inevitability of age, his family has no senior
place for him in the home. He is admonished by his daughter for walking home
alone and over a long distance, suggesting that he is too old to do so. His
wife supports this decision momentarily but does not argue the point. Instead
she greets her husband and although they sit side by side it is clear that she
is the head of the household and he a guest. Their relationship is stilted and
almost impersonal. Mr. Neave, similarly, feels disconnected from his daughters
who he is surprised to see have grown into very different women in comparison
to their behavior as children. He is easily bullied by them to dress for dinner
and is just as easily forgotten by them when he falls asleep in his room.
Despite Mr. Neave’s greatest attempts to prove himself-worthy of his family’s
attention and admiration, his physical exhaustion outweighs his intentions and
he falls asleep twice in a short amount of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Feeling both lost and unappreciated within his family
unit, Mr. Neave, retreats into sleep and dreams of an old man walking up an
endless flight of stairs. This surreal imagery is used to symbolize Mr. Neave’s
growing anxiety about his retirement and the unease he feels about the life he
has led. Perhaps Mr. Neave feels he has failed his family by putting his
business first. Mr. Neave finds it difficult to distinguish himself from his
work and now that he will eventually spend most of his time at home, he finds
that he is dreading the transition and fears he has no place of honor within
his family’s social structure. Yet Mr. Neave believes Harold will be the death
of his business, which in turn will put a stop to his family’s comfortable
lifestyle. In order to maintain the status quo he will have to continue to
work. Although he takes great pride in his job, Mr. Neave also recognizes his
limitations due to age and like the old man he dreads the drudgery of continuing
to live a life of self-imposed isolation. Like Sisyphus of Greek mythology who
was forced to eternally roll a stone up a hill, Mr. Neave will carry on as he
has always done because he feels he has no other choice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Comprehension Questions </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 1. What are the feelings that Mr.
Neave goes through at the beginning of the story?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is an insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s
progression around the inner struggle of the main character as he comes to
terms with his pending retirement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Neave felt as if he
were too old for spring this year. Walking home from work, as he had done
countless times before, he suddenly felt very tired and subdued by his
surroundings. He could not understand why. It had been an ordinary day at the
office.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mr. Neave, a successful
businessman, is reluctant to leave his profession and the only source of his
true identity. His home life is dominated by his family, who he barely
recognizes anymore, and he feels both unwelcome and out of place in their
frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr. Neave prided himself on his sense
of duty and committed work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury
for himself and his family. Now Mr. Neave sees his wife and adult children as
if for the first time, realizing that he does not know them as well as he
should and resents their dominate presence in his home. Life has passed him by.
He isolated himself from his family in order to build his business, an
investment that enabled him to successfully provided his family with everything
they desired.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 2. What kind of a person is Harold?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. In ‘An Ideal Family’ by
Katherine Mansfield we have the theme of change, trust, appearance, reliance,
appreciation and awareness. Mr. Neave broods over his family who want him to
retire and hand over the running business to his son, Harold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Neave’s son,
Harold, who stood to inherit the business, arrived hours late from lunch,
sauntering into the office, apologizing to no one and yet everyone, especially
his mother, forgave him all his faults. Harold was too handsome by far with his
full lips and eyelashes. Mr. Neave thought them uncanny and recoiled at the
praise of his son unjustly received from the family. Charlotte, his wife, and
their daughters had made a “young god” of Harold. . Mr Neave, though felt that
Harold only returns from lunch after four o’clock, never knows where he may
have been. Harold was a boy who robbed money from his mother’s purse and left
the purse in the cook’s bedroom. This incident is significant as it not only
suggests that (as a child) Harold was untrustworthy but it may also highlight
the sense of dissatisfaction that his father Mr Neave feels when it comes to
his son.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 3. Why do people call Mr. Neave’s
family an ideal family?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mr. Neave, centers the plot’s
progression around the inner struggle of the main character as he comes to terms
with his pending retirement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Neave was a
successful businessman. He prided himself on his sense of duty and committed
work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his
family. His family is busy in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. Mr.
Neave was motivated to work hard in order to support his family and to
accommodate their extravagant lifestyle. They seem content living with one
another and their mother while Mr. Neave pays for their parties, horses,
sports, and seaside vacations. Often complimented on his “ideal family,” Mr.
Neave thought of his wife and children as an extension of his success in the
business world. Despite the outwardly appearance, that Mr. Neave and his family
live an ideal life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 4. What kind of social strata does
Mr. Neave belongs to? How can you tell?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Neave was a
successful businessman. He prided himself on his sense of duty and committed
work ethic, which allowed for a bourgeois life of luxury for himself and his
family. His family is busy in their frivolous world of dinners and parties. His
family spent an extravagant life style. Hence, I say Mr. Neave belongs to high
social strata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 5. What is the attitude of Mr. Neave’s
wife and daughters towards him?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender relations
in "An Ideal Family" are very interesting. Mansfield has a
talent for realism and masterfully illustrates various points of view on
family. She is especially adept at creating sympathy for characters, like Mr.
Neave. He leaves the management of his home to his wife and adult daughters. In
doing so he relinquishes any authority in the home and once he succumbs to the
inevitability of age, his family has no senior place for him in the home. He is
admonished by his daughter for walking home alone and over a long distance,
suggesting that he is too old to do so. His wife supports this decision
momentarily but does not argue the point. Instead she greets her husband and
although they sit side by side it is clear that she is the head of the
household and he is a guest. Their relationship is stilted and almost
impersonal. Mr. Neave, similarly, feels disconnected from his daughters who he
is surprised to see have grown into very different women in comparison to their
behavior as children. He is easily bullied by them to dress for dinner and is
just as easily forgotten by them when he falls asleep in his room.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 6. Why does Mr. Neave feel himself
unable to cope with his daughters?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender relations
in "An Ideal Family" are very interesting. Mansfield has a
talent for realism and masterfully illustrates various points of view on
family. She is especially adept at creating sympathy for characters, like Mr.
Neave. He leaves the management of his home to his wife and adult daughters. In
doing so he relinquishes any authority in the home and once he succumbs to the
inevitability of age, his family has no senior place for him in the home. He is
admonished by his daughter for walking home alone and over a long distance,
suggesting that he is too old to do so. His wife supports this decision
momentarily but does not argue the point. Instead she greets her husband and
although they sit side by side it is clear that she is the head of the
household and he is a guest. Their relationship is stilted and almost
impersonal. Mr. Neave, similarly, feels disconnected from his daughters who he
is surprised to see have grown into very different women in comparison to their
behavior as children. He is easily bullied by them to dress for dinner and is
just as easily forgotten by them when he falls asleep in his room. Despite Mr.
Neave’s greatest attempts to prove himself-worthy of his family’s attention and
admiration, his physical exhaustion outweighs his intentions and he falls
asleep twice in a short amount of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 7. Who was Charles?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Charles is a young man
who looks after Mr. Neave carefully. He waits for him to dress him up and helps
him cutting the grass on the tennis court. He gives Mr. Neave a folded
handkerchief, his watch and seals, and spectacle case. Mr. Neave responds to
his call for dinner. He is such a gentle servant to Mr. Neave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Q. 8. What dream does Mr. Neave have?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ans: Katherine Mansfield was one of the
most prominent short story writers of New Zealand. The story ‘An Ideal Family’
is and insight into the mind of its chief protagonist - Mr. Neave. "An
Ideal Family" is an examination of self-worth within a family social
structure as seen through the eyes of an aging patriarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Feeling both lost and
unappreciated within his family, Mr. Neave retreats into sleep and dreams of an
old man walking up an endless flight of stairs. Perhaps he feels he has failed
his family by putting his business first. Mr. Neave finds it difficult to
distinguish himself from his work and now that he will eventually spend most of
his time at home, he finds that he is dreading the transition and fears he has
no place of honor within his family’s social structure. The fact that the man
is ‘climbing up endless flights of stairs’ may also be important as the writer
may be suggesting the continued, unending struggle that Mr Neave faces when it
comes to not only retiring but handing his business over to Harold. This
surreal imagery is used to symbolize Mr. Neave’s growing anxiety about his
retirement and the unease he feels about the life he has led.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transfer
the information given in the following graph in a verbal text of not less than
200 words. It can include the facts and also your inferences from the facts
presented in the graph.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The given data
present the information about the internet users in four age groups in Malaysia
between the years 1998 to 2000. As is presented in the bar graph, people from
16 to 30 years old of Malaysia used the internet more than people of other age
group and over the time internet users from younger and aged people increased.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the given data, in 1998 more
than 50% internet users of Malaysia were above 16 years old and bellow 30 years
old. People from 31 to 50 years old were 41% of total internet users. Very
fewer people over 50 years old or less than 15 years used the internet in
Malaysia in this year. In next year, the percentage of younger and aged users
of internet increased to 8% of total internet users and internet users from
other two age groups decreased slightly. In the year 2000, the same trend can
be observed and aged internet users increased to 10% while the percentage of
internet users among 16 to 50 years decreased by 1-2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As is observed from the bar graph, the
internet is popular among the 16 to 50 years old people in Taiwan and over
times the younger and senior citizens affection and needs towards internet
usages increased. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The given data present the information about
the internet users in four age groups in Malaysia between the years 1998 to
2000. As is presented in the bar graph, people from 16 to 30 years old of
Malaysia used the internet more than people of other age group and over the
time internet users from younger and aged people increased.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the given data, in 1998 more
than 50% internet users of Malaysia were above 16 years old and bellow 30 years
old. People from 31 to 50 years old were 41% of total internet users. Very
fewer people over 50 years old or less than 15 years used the internet in
Malaysia in this year. In next year, the percentage of younger and aged users
of internet increased to 8% of total internet users and internet users from
other two age groups decreased slightly. In the year 2000, the same trend can
be observed and aged internet users increased to 10% while the percentage of
internet users among 16 to 50 years decreased by 1-2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As
is observed from the bar graph, the internet is popular among the 16 to 50
years old people in Malaysia and over times the younger and senior citizens
affection and needs towards internet usages increased. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="selectionshareable" style="background: white; line-height: 13.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-81355805140615590452015-10-28T06:47:00.000-07:002015-10-28T06:47:25.180-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Functional
English</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DINIING OUT</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hostess: Hi, will you be having
lunch?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary: Yes, but I’m not very hungry.
It’s too hot outside. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hostess: I know what you mean. It’s
a scorcher today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May: I’m not used to this kind of
weather. I’m glad that everything is air Conditioned here.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waiter: Hi, my name is Carl and I’ll
be serving you today. Can I get you something to drink?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary: Just water, please, with ice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waiter: Of course. I’ll be back in a
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May: Thank you</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waiter: Would you like to hear about
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary: I think I’ll just have a
salad, bread, and a glass of white wine. Waiter: O.K. What kind of wine? Our
house wine is quite good. Mary: Fine, I’ll have a glass of that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waiter: Would you like some dessert?
We have a delicious chocolate cheese cake.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary: I don’t think so. I’m on a
diet. Just bring the bill, please.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MAKING AN APPOINTMENT</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secretary: Good morning, Haskell,
Cleaver, and </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Young Alex: I’d like to speak to Mr.
Young please.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secretary: Who’s calling please?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alex: I’m related to Stephanie
Garner. Mr. Young asked me to get in touch when I arrived in the U.S.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secretary: please hold.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr. Young: Hello Mr. Alex. How are
you? I’m looking forward to meeting you. Can you come by tomorrow at 10 a.m.?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alex: Yes, I think so. Where are you
located?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr. Young: Our offices are just
behind the State Capitol building. You can walk from your hotel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alex: What time should I leave the
hotel?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr. Young? Oh, maybe around 9.30. It
should only take about twenty minutes on foot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alex: Thanks, I’ll see you tomorrow
morning</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">READING
COMPREHENSION</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reading is a complex process which deals with recognizing
the letter, comprehending and evaluating it. A good reader is one who follows
the sub skills of reading and comprehends the passage appropriately. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus the term comprehension in its extension
come from the root word in Latin ‘COM’ (completely)‘PREHENDERE’ (Hold, grasp).
The chief purpose of comprehension is therefore to get a complete understanding
of what is read, so as to get the message what the writer wishes to convey. The
ability in comprehension may be tested in different formats. A passage followed
by questions on comprehension and a passage followed by objective type of
questions are present in the common format.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TYPES OF READING SKILLS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are four types of Reading as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skimming: The purpose of skimming is
to get main idea or general idea of material by following the methodology of
sweeping the eyes across the line and picking up key words. Thus generally in
this type, the speed of reading goes from 500 – 800 wpm (word per minute).
Example when we skim the books in library when they are relevant to our
required topic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scanning: It is meant to locate specific answers or information
as quick as possible by glancing at information on the page as a whole. Thus
the speed of reading in scanning includes 1000+ wpm. Example: dictionary. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensive Reading: It is to learn, understand and retain
information by slow, serious reading especially. The speed of reading here is
150 – 300 wpm. Example when we read the whole text book for exams.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extensive Reading: This is reading
for the purpose <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of joy and pleasure
following free style of reading. It includes 200 – 250 wpm like in reading of
novels. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TECHNIQUES OF COMPREHENSION</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reading Comprehension requires
motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study
techniques. Here are some ideas or techniques for effective comprehension:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Widen your basics: Widen your
basics by reading newspapers, magazines and books. Become interested in world
events </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Learn the structures: good writers
construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and end. Often, the first
sentence will give an overview that helps provide a structure for adding
details. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Look for central point, phrases in
paragraphs that change the topic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Recognize the reasoning type:
Recognize whether the author is using cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis,
model building, induction or deduction, systems of thinking. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Expect and Guess: really clever
student will try to expect the author and guess the future ideas and questions.
If your expectations and guesses are right, this increases your understanding.
If you are wrong, you make adjustments quicker.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Method of organizations: See
whether the material is organized, chronologically, serially, logically,
functionally, spatially, hierarchically. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Cultivate interest: Go through
sample comprehension passages, ask questions, and discuss ideas with friends
and classmates. The more you cultivate interest, the greater your comprehension.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Observe for supporting ideas:
While practicing study pictures, graphs and headlines. Read the first and last
paragraph in a passage, or the first sentence in each section. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Underline, summarize and review:
Just reading a passage once is not enough.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To develop a deeper understanding,
you have to underline, summarize and review important ideas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Build vocabulary: for many, this
is a lifetime project. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to use a
dictionary regularly. You might carry around a pocket dictionary and use it to
look up new words. Or you can keep a list of words to look up at the end of the
day. Concentrate on roots, prefixes and suffixes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Vocalize words: Yes although it is
faster to form words in your mind rather than on your lips or throat, Eye
motion is important. Frequent backtracking slows you down considerably. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SAMPLE
OF SHORT REPORT IN LETTER FORM:</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DR.C.VIDYANIDHI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vice-Chancellor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Royal University</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nagpur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aug 10, 2010</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Commissioner of School Education</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Government of Andhra Pradesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hyderabad</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Title: Introducing computer
education in school Curriculum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terms of reference: as per your
letter dated May 1 , 2010</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Findings: On 1<sup>st</sup> May this
year, you asked us to study the feasibility and desirability of introducing
computer Education in all government, aided and unaided schools in Andhra
Pradesh keeping in view the changing trends of time. Accordingly, we have made
an indepth study of the issue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The report is submitted as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enquiries made:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We met different levels of people to
elicit their views on feasibility or desirability of Introducing computer
Education in Schools. The schedule of our meetings was as follows: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May 3, 2010<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Met senior officials of Department of school
Education at Hyderabad</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May 4-6, 2010`<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Spoke to District educational
Officers in person and on telephone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May 7-20, 2010<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Met representatives of private school
managements Headmasters and staff of certain selected schools and elicited
their views</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May 21-31, 2010<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Held informal discussions with the
parents and the students of certain selected schools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">June 2-15, 2010<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Met computer professionals of reputed
organizations like Satyam computers and Wipro and held discussions with them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Present situations<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: At present the school curriculum does not
provide for computer education, the maximum focus is on conventional type of
education. In fact the school authorities do not bother to update the
curriculum and do not realize the importance and necessity of computer
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Future Policies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Computer science together with
information technology is the only way out for most of ills of society. Rather
computer become base for study, understanding and evaluation of all other
sciences. All the officials, teachers, students and their parents have called
for immediate introduction of computer education in all the school in Andhra
Pradesh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recommendations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We therefore make the following
recommendations:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A functional Computer Education
curriculum be drafted and prescribed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
all school with effect from the academic year 2010- 2011. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All schools are provided with
computers along with necessary laboratory facilities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Required
number of trained teachers should be appointed immediately.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We are unanimous in our opinion that
these recommendations provide a sound basis for introducing Computer Education
in all the schools in the state of Andhra Pradesh with effect from 2010-2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vidyanidhi (Signature)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Dr.C.Vidyanidhi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vice-Chancellor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Royal University</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">GROUP DISCUSSION</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topic: Which is more beneficial to
the society: electronic or print media?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examiner: Ladies and gentlemen!
Please settle down and be relaxed to take part in a group discussion. The topic
is: “Which is more beneficial to the society: electronic or print media?” You
are at liberty to speak in favor of either of them. Now we recede to the back
ground to evaluate your performance. Please start the discussion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 5: Well friends! I would
like to initiate the discussion be expressing my view in favor of electronic
media. T.V and internethave brought about revolutionary changes in the world.
News travels through electronic media so fast transmitted thus giving easy fast
access to the viewers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 2: I fully agree with
speaker 5 .A TV has specific channels on science, geography and education,
which are knowledge based. Besides, there are plenty of channels on
entertainment which function round the clock. A person at any time can turn to
TV and enjoy any programme of his choice.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 3: Sorry to interrupt you
madam. There are two sides of coin. The electronic media had certain ill
effects, which harm children and even adults. Children are so glued to TV that
they forget about their studies. One Day international matches broadcast for
seven or eight hours a day have negative effects on all. Besides students, even
employees apply for leave and enjoy the matches. Teenagers and elders surf
internet against their health. The print media has no such negative effects.
There was a talk that electronic media may put newspaper out of business but
this has not happened. The print media is getting more popular over the masses.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 1: I am afraid I can’t agree
with the previous lady speaker. If popularity alone is considered electronic
media has a definite edge over the print media. These days, every house has a
TV; some of the theaters are being closed because people are no longer
attracted to it. They would like to watch a movie at home with their family
when they are free. Besides, the electronic media is known for the quickest
transmission of news and information. The news becomes stale by the time it
appears on the papers, as people have already come to know of it from TV.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 4: Speaker 1 may be right as
far as the quick transmission of news is concerned but people these days would
like the know the details of certain happenings and for that it is the
newspaper that is useful. In newspapers we find not only news but views also.
The print media is known for its authentic news and constructive criticism of
the activity of government. It reports and comments in greater depth without
fear than what the electronic media does. The channels on TV are few but
newspapers, journals and magazines are innumerable and they reflect the opinion
of the people. The government can find out from the print media how the public
reacts to their policies. You can have TV and internet at office and at home but
cant carry them to bathroom! The print media on the other hand is handy and you
can take it anywhere you like.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 2: Our friend has spoken
about the merits of print media. But all these merits can be associated with
even the electronic media. No doubt, we have critical comments on the policies
of the government on the print media. But in TV, we have open discussion on
them in a live coverage where representatives from different political parties
sit together and discuss before a moderator, which is more effective and
exciting than a verbal description of the views</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 3: All these are nothing when
compared to obscene dances and jokes presented visually on TV and internet
which are more likely to lead younger generation astray.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 1: The electronic and print
media have their own good and bad effects. But, why should we have negative approach?
Let us choose what is good for us and avoid the rest. The electronic media is
certainly and effectively more beneficial to society for job search. Young
people depend more on internet facilities. Students and researchers sit before
an internet for hours, collecting information. Business community looks for
market on TV. The press media has become rather outdated.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speaker 3: Sorry to object to this
statement. Newspapers are read even in remote villages. For the cultural and
moral development of society, an honest mass media is essential and for that we
can’t think of other than print media.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examiner: It is time for us to end.
I feel that opinions are sharply divided on this issue. It is difficult for us
to reach a consensus. I thank you all for your participation in the discussion.</span></div>
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TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-15162282029868625152015-09-11T10:06:00.001-07:002015-09-11T10:06:54.674-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://kbaluenglish.blogspot.in/2013/10/unit-1-role-of-communication-for-first.html">UNIT - 1 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION FOR FIRST MBA FIRST SEM</a>
</h3>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word “communication” derived
from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to participate, to
share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions
and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding
with one another. In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the
facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. It is the ability of mankind to
communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries, that has ushered the progress
of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication
around the world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality.
Communication had a vital role to play in ensuring that people belonging to a
particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact with and relate to
people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group.
Communication adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and
fosters love and understanding. It enriches our knowledge of the universe and
makes living worthwhile</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ROLE OF
COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS:</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The term business communication is used for all messages
that we send and receive for official purpose like running a business, managing
an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and
so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and
social communication. The success of any business to a large extent depends on
efficient and effective communication. It takes place among business entities,
in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of
employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and
customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the
organization and the press persons. All such communication impacts business.
Done with care, such communication can promote business interests. Otherwise,
it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect the
business interest.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication is the life blood of
any organization and its main purpose is to effect change to influence action.
In any organization the main problem is of maintaining effective communication
process. The management problem generally results in poor communication.
Serious mistakes are made because orders are misunderstood. The basic problem
in communication is that the meaning which is actually understood may not be
what the other intended to send. It must be realised that the speaker and the
listener are two separate individuals having their own limitations and number
of things may happen to distort the message that pass between them. When people
within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal
communication. They do so to work as a team and realise the common goals. It
could be official or unofficial. Modes of internal communication include
face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports, office order, circular,
fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. are the examples of internal communication.
When people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the
organization it is called external communication. These people may be clients
or customers, dealers or distributors, media, government, general public etc.
are the examples of external communication.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication may be defined as
interchange of thought or information between two or more persons to bring
about mutual understanding and desired action. It is the information exchange
by words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas and viewpoints, which
bring about commonness of interest, purpose and efforts. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Management Association
defines, ‘Communication is any behavior that results in an exchange of
meaning’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter Little defines communication
as, ‘Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between
individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response result’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Newman and Summer Jr. state that,
‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or
more persons’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Keith Davis, ‘The process of
passing the information and understanding from one person to another. It is
essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a
person can safely across the river of misunderstanding.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore, the main purpose of
communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point of view or to
elicit action</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PURPOSE
OF COMMUNICATION:</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. For instruction: </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The instructive function unvarying
and importantly deals with the commanding nature. It is more or less of
directive nature. Under this, the communicator transmits with necessary
directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to accomplish
his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the
lower level.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. For integration:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is consolidated function under
which integration of activities is endeavored. The integration function of
communication mainly involves to bring about inter-relationship among the
various functions of the business organization. It helps in the unification of
different management functions.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. For information:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The purposes or function of
communication in an organization is to inform the individual or group about the
particular task or company policies and procedures etc. Top management informs
policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower level
informs the top level the reaction through the middle level. Information can flow
vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming
informed or inform others is the main purpose of communication.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. For evaluation:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examination of activities to form an
idea or judgment of the worth of task is achieved through communication.
Communication is a tool to appraise the individual or team, their contribution
to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s outputs or some
ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication process.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. For direction:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication is necessary to issue
directions by the top management or manager to the lower level. Employee can
perform better when he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be
communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common order, request
order or implied order.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. For teaching:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The importance of personal safety on
the job has been greatly recognized. A complete communication process is
required to teach and educate workers about personal safety on the jobs. This
communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost,
procedures etc.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. For influencing:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A complete communication process is
necessary in influencing others or being influenced. The individual having
potential to influence others can easily persuade others. It implies the
provision of feedback, which tells the effect of communication.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. For image building:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A business enterprise cannot isolate
from the rest of the society. There is interrelationship and interdependence
between the society and an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and
confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be done by the
communication with the different media, which has to project the image of the
firm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the society. Through an
effective external communication system, an enterprise has</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to inform the society about its
goals, activities, progress and social responsibility.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. For employees orientation: </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a new employee enter into the
organization at that time he or she will be unknown to the organization
programs, policies, culture etc. Communication helps to make people acquainted
with the co-employees, superior and with the policies, objectives, rules and
regulations of the organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Other</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Effective decision-making is
possible when required and adequate information is supplied to the
decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision- making.
In general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary
information so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS/CYCLE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The transmission of sender’s ideas
to the receiver and the receiver’s feedback or reaction to the sender
constitute the communication cycle. The process of communication begins when
one person (the sender) wants to transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other
information to someone else (the receiver). This facts, idea or opinion has
meaning to the sender. The next step is translating or converting the message
into a language which reflects the idea. That is the message must be encoded.
The encoding process is influenced by content of the message, the familiarity
of sender and receiver and other situation of factors.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the message has been encoded,
it is transmitted through the appropriate channel or medium. Common channel in
organization includes meetings, reports, memorandums, letters, e-mail, fax and
telephone calls. When the message is received, it is decoded, by the receiver
and gives feedback to the sender as the conformation about the particular
message has been carefully understand or not.</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LEMENTS</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OF</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> C</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OMMUNICATION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The process of communication </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">involves</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the
following elements:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Sender or transmitter: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The person who desires to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">convey</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the message is known as sender.
Sender initiates the message and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">changes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the behavior of the receiver.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Message:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a subject matter of any
communication. It may involve any fact, idea, opinion or information. It must
exist in the mind of the sender if communication is to take place.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Encoding: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The communicator of the information
organises his idea into series of symbols (words, signs, etc.) which, he feels
will communicate to the intended receiver or receivers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. <b>Communication channel:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The sender has to select the channel
for sending the information. Communication channel is the media through which
the message passes. It is the link that connects the sender and the receiver.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Receiver:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The person who receives the message
is called receiver or receiver is the person to whom the particular message is
sent by the transmitter. The communication process is incomplete without the
existence of receiver of the message. It is a receiver who receives and tries
to understand the message.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Decoding: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Decoding is the process of
interpretation of an encoded message into the understandable meaning. Decoding
helps the receiver to drive meaning from the message.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Feedback: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication is an exchange
process. For the exchange to be complete the information must go back to whom
from where it started (or sender), so that he can know the reaction of the
receiver. The reaction or response of the receiver is known as feedback.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Brain drain:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On whole process there is a
possibility of misunderstandings at any level and is called brain drain. It may
arise on sender side if they do not choose the adequate medium for delivery of
message, by using default channel and it may also arise when receiver does not
properly decode the message. In other words, we can say that it is breakdown of
cycle at any level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";">IMP
QUESTIONS: 21<sup>st</sup> October, 2013</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How do you define communication?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Discuss the elements of
communication process.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the role of communication
in management of business?</span></b></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-75165432895098755582015-09-11T10:02:00.001-07:002015-09-11T10:02:06.391-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://kbaluenglish.blogspot.in/2014/09/professional-ethics-and-human-values.html">PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES FOR B.TECH JNTU KAKINADA </a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MORALS</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morals are the rules, which people use to
guide their behavior and thinking in terms of right and wrong. Morals mean
principles of right and wrong. Morals relate to duty or obligations. It pertains
to those action of right and wrong, virtue and virus. It pertains to the rules
by which such actions are to be directed towards the practice. Morals also mean
manners, conduct, or men as social being in relation to each other. One can
perform Dharma or actions by adopting morals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A human being will like
to spend his time and life happily. A man’s happiness depends upon the
satisfaction and pleasure he derives. A thirsty man feels happy when he takes a
glass of water. This type of happiness is related to physical
satisfaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dharma, good actions or
moral action brings satisfaction or happiness. When one’s actions bring
happiness or satisfaction to others in the society, we call it as “Service”
those who contributed to the welfare of the society, have become grate souls,
like Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morality relates to
human conduct. Most of the human beings have acquired and practiced moral principles.
They whole-heartedly accept them. Moral principles imply that human beings and
animals are to be treated with respect and dignity. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morality also guides human
beings on aspiration, ideal and values. Morality guides in understanding human
nature, tradition and society. It determines one’s place in society and universe.
Values like honesty, empathy, truthfulness, humbleness, love for others, will
develop a man as amorally good person. Values mean good qualities of human beings.
A person becomes valuable if he possesses values in him, like courage, honesty,
integrity, sincerity. Based on values, moral standards can be set up.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VALUES:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Values refer to the
standards that guide our actions, judgments and attitudes. These are qualities,
characteristics, or ideas about which we feel strongly. Values differ from
person to person. Our values affect our decisions, goals and behavior. Values define
what is worth, what is beneficial and what is harmful. Values give direction
and consistency to behavior. Honesty is a value. Speaking truth is a value. Doing
physical exercise is a value. Values help you know what to and not to make time
for. Values establish a relationship between you and the world. Values set the
direction for one’s life. Values are what we feel should ,”ought” or “are
supposed to” influence our lives. If you allow your values to decide your behavior
and goals, you feel very happy. Values may change over a time period, as your <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>experiences change your values also. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HUMAN VALUES: </span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human values are the
good qualities of a human being. Values of a human being reflect one’s
character and conduct. Human values make a person great. Some important human
values one should possess are as given below: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demonstrating a strong and consistent
commitment to ethical values.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Obeying the law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflecting the responsibility expected
of all professionals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protecting life and safeguarding people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demonstrating professionalism, integrity
and competence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Commitment to community well-being </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Care for the environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human Values are
related to individuals. Either in moral values or social values, the individual
plays a prime role. Human values are the same for all people all over the
world, irrespective of religion, nation, gender or creed. They are generally
related to morality and justice. All religions preach values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Value is a quality of being useful or
helpful. Some common values are freedom, equality, fraternity, empathy, democracy
and secularism may be values for certain countries, while some countries may
not accept. Though countries differ, human values are common to all countries. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Professionals like
Engineers, Doctors, and Lawyers have to deal with people and the society. They have
to be acquired with the various human values as discussed above for peaceful
and comfortable living. Values can be imparted to the students through
personality development programmes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ETHICS: </span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ethics is also known as
moral Philosophy. It is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,
defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. Ethics comes
from the Greek word “ethos”, which means “ character”. In philosophy, ethics
studies the moral behavior in humans, and how one should act. “ethics” also
means distinguishing ethical problems, issues and controversies from non-moral
problems. It refers to a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits that
a person or group displays concerning morality.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSONAL ETHICS:
</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every individual is free to set his/her own
set of ethics. This does not mean that all choices and all value systems can be
equally called “ethical”. Every though each individual has the autonomy to
choose, one has moral responsibility to respect others and protect the environment.
The yardstick to say whether an individual is ethical or not is based on well
defined actions and beliefs, namely trust worthiness, respect, responsibility,
fairness, caring and citizenship. Ethics refer to the ability to distinguish
right from wrong, good from evil and property from impropriety. In involves the
commitment to do what is right, good and proper. Ethics entails action.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ethics can be
classified into:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Engineering ethics – related to engineers, engineering
practice and industries.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Professional Ethics – related to various professional
like Doctors, Lawyers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Business Ethics – related to people involved in business.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Work ethics – related to employers and employees at work.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Necessity of
Ethics: </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The world community calls for a global
approach to basic ethics and social problems. On seeing the present day trend
among people of various countries, world top leaders have expressed concern for
basic ethics. Lack of ethical values, has been a major factor for the downfall
of many industries, companies and corporations. Deviation from human values,
ethics and failure to learn from wrong applications, will result in
professional misdeeds leading to disaster.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Engineers as professionals have moral responsibility for
safety, health and welfare of the people. All these can be achieved only when,
those involved in engineering, and society are concerned about ethics.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What affects ethics?
Greed, Fear and Pressure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pressure to perform
does not justify unethical acts. Mahatma Gandhi, the father of our nation
insists the importance of values and ethics when he talks about seven social issues
, which are as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wealth without work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pleasure without conscience </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Knowledge without character</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commerce without morality </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Science
without humanity </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion
without sacrifice</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politics
without principles</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Gandhiji,
the above said seven social issues can help society, only if ethics is followed.
Upholding morals and values, surmounting difficulties in our day-to-day life is
possible only when we follow ethics.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTEGRITY:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Integrity</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles,
expectations, and morals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Integrity
comes from the word "integrate." Therefore, it's the ability to
integrate the values of my heart into my daily actions. INTEGRITY is consistent
character that will not compromise even if circumstances make it easy and the
potential for ill-gotten gain is great. An organization’s success depends on
the integrity of its employees. Integrity is an internal system of principles
that guide the behavior of an individual. The reward for behavior with
integrity is intrinsic. Integrity is not obligation, it is a choice. Integrity
comes with right upbringing and exposure. The outside environment also may
influence one to develop personality with integrity. Integrity conveys a sense
of wholeness and strength. Integrity means “ soundness of moral Character” the
wider meaning of moral is “being concerned with the principal of doing right or
wrong things” Therefore integrity means honesty, loyalty, honour,
incorruptibility, rectitude, righteousness, uprightness and similar virtues.
Integrity reveals one’s state of mind, attitude and behavior. Integrity includes
all the above said good qualities. For any person, to acquire leadership
quality or skill, requires “ integrity”. If one, lacks integrity, no amount of
knowledge and skills in dealing with people can shape him into a good leader. Certainly,
he/she will exercise his/her authority and get things done by threatening and
coercive forces.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For an engineer, professional
integrity is the key under difficult situations. An engineer with professional
integrity will be ready for any kind of challenge and additional
responsibility. An engineer with integrity has to be honest, truthful, and
trustworthy. He should be consistent in his professional conduct, in moral ways
and uphold human values. An engineer, as a professional, consultant, practicing
engineer or manager, should be a person of integrity in discharging his duties
and responsibilities to the society. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>WORK ETHICS:</u> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ethics<b>
</b>is a set of moral principles. Work is, a characteristic attitude of a group
of people or workers towards morality of work. In other words, work ethic is
being personally accountable and responsible for the work that one does. It is
based on a belief that work has a great value. The term “work ethics” is often
applied to characteristics of people who are at work (workers, players,
engineers, Doctors, Lawyers etc.,) work ethic is usually associated with people
who work hard and do a good job. It includes good habits, good attitudes, good
manners, good appearance, and good behaviors we adopt in relationships with
other people.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PARAMETERS FOR GOOD
WORK ETHICS:</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RELIABILITY
– When an employee is punctual, follows through his tasks, shows up ready to
work, such employees performs all the tasks given and gains the confidence of
the employer. If one in not reliable, no business owner can afford to retain
him/her on the payroll. Reliability is the most preferred virtue for an
employee, from the employer point of view.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POSITIVE
CHARACTER Between character and efficiency, every employer looks for employees
with character. An efficient worker no character has no relevance. Small businesses
have close, tightly knit and familial atmosphere and it is likely that these
may face difficulties in the course of business. Exactly during the time when
the business goes tough, employees with positive character will be of great
help to the employer. Employees with negativity and dissent damage the
workplace morale and productivity.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROPER
COMMUNICATION strong interpersonal skills, cohesive and collaborative teams
among employees and handling challenging assignments have something in common,
i.e proper communications skills. Effective communication skills are
prerequisites for one to be successful.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GOAL-ORIENTED
Good employees are often altruistic and goal-oriented. While salary is a strong
motivator, a good work ethic also puts oneself aside to work toward the greater
good of the organization as a whole. The goal of every employer should be to
develop teams, respect for employees, soft in considering their personal
requests but tough in terms of organizational interest discipline and organizational
interest. Employees also should develop goal-oriented behavior.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SERVICE LEARNING:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Service learning is a
method of learning by which, students learn from their past services rendered
to their communities. Young people apply academic skills to solve world issues
like hunger, pollution and illiteracy. They are also active partners in a service-learning
project. They identify community needs and plan service activities. After rendering
service, they assess the project’s impact on the community. This makes young
people to develop leadership skills. Service learning assesses genuine needs
that are important to the community. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Academic
collaborations </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">integrating learning into a service
project enhances the quality of service learning. Academic collaborations
should be clear and built upon the existing and future academic needs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Student
voice</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in the process of involving service learning
related activities, the students should be given opportunity to select, design,
implement and evaluate their service activity encouraging relevance and
sustained interest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class
room discussion </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the students discuss their learning
experiences in the classroom and appreciate how they could address the societal
needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Impact
analysis </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">structured opportunities are thrown open to think,
talk and write about their reflections on the service experience.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Community
partnerships </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">in consultation with the community, the
needs for service campus can be identified; mentorship opportunities and
adequate resources are offered for completion of the service projects. Community
partnerships will be successful if clear guidelines are evolved for student engagement
in service to a particular community groups.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assessment
and feedback </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">well structured assessment instruments can
be used for constructive feedback through reflection regarding positive
reciprocal learning. If found feasible, such programs can be replicated. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CIVIC VIRTUES: </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Virtue
means good quality. Civic relates to society and the environemtn. Hence “civic
Virtues” mean the good habits and qualities that one has to follow when he/she
moves in the society and deals with environment. Certain civic virtues are,
caring, sharing, respect for others, living peacefully and letting others live
peacefully. Yawning, sneezing, relaxing the body by bending backwards,snoring
and spitting, such habits are to be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>avoided in front of others in a gathering. A person who is conscious of
the above habits is said to have “ civic Sense” or “ civic Manners”. In total ,
these habits are called “ Civic Virtues” . to be a better person and a
person<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and a person of pleasing
personality, one should cultivate “ Civic Virtues”.</span></div>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RESPECT
FOR OTHERS: </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Treating people
with respect makes this world a nicer place to live in. it is very easy. All you
have to do is, “treat people the way you like others to treat you”. Here are a few
ideas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Don’t insult people or make fun of them</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">When you speak, listen to others.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Value other people’s opinion.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Be considerate of people’s likes and dislikes.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Don’t tease or harass people.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It is not good to talk about people behind their back.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Have respect to other people’s feelings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Don’t compel anybody to do something he/she does not
want to do.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We live in a country of many languages, cultures, races and backgrounds. In
order to make all our lives a lot more fun and interesting, we have to get along
with each other. To achieve “unity in diversity”, we have to respect each other.
Here are some more ways we can respect people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We have to learn something from the other people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We have to show interest and appreciation for other cultures
and races.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We should not have prejudice and racist attitudes. Engineers
and professionals require this attitude of “respect for others” to achieve better
results.</span></div>
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIVING
PEACEFULLY: </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to lead a peaceful life, one requires “Peace of
mind”. Peace of mind leads to “living peacefully” by all. If one wants to live peacefully,
he.she has to follow certain principles in his/her life. They are</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to believe
in God.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Home should be
a place of friendliness, sharing and peace.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to be patient
and considerate towards others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We have to work
towards removal of social injustice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Work towards reconciliation
between individuals, groups and nations, in needed</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to behave
in a loving way towards all men and women.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We should have
a caring and loving attitude towards others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to be conscious
of his/her daily living.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to play
his/her role against any form of exploitation and oppression.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">One has to live as simple as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We have to serve others by avoiding any form of violence. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">By sincerely adopting the above said principles, one is sure of “Living peacefully”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CARING;</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Every human being, whether young or old wants to be
cared if not pampered. It is the same case with the employees. They want to
know what is happening at work place as soon as the event takes place.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">How to take care of employees taking care of employees and keeping them
happy in the workplace involves providing them with additional benefits,
recognition and keeping the workplace professional. This further dovetail to
motivating them to work with passion, enjoy their work and produce positive
results for the business. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TO
TAKE CARE OF EMPLOYEES:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Interview new employees well and ensure that they
will fit into your workplace.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Turn away those workers who do not fit into the
existing work environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Take care of the overall well being of the current
employees providing additional benefits, which include life, health or
disability insurance to them and to their families as well. A healthy workplace
plays a large role in how the company and employees are performing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Offer retirement options for the employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Offer recognition plaques, “pat on back” awards, monetary
awards, job promotions or pay increases to employees who work for the organization.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Send greetings to the employees on their birthdays and
marriage anniversaries in addition to offering them paid optional holiday on those
special occasions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">At times when changes are initiated, make sure the employee
is clear about what the change means for their job, goals, time allocation, and
decisions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Communicate daily with every employee who reports to
you. Even a pleasant good morning enables the employee to engage with you. Communicate
openly, honestly and frequently. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hold a weekly one on one meeting with each employee who
reports to you. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Implement an open door policy for staff members to talk,
share ideas, and discuss concerns. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Employees find interaction, communication with, and attention
from senior and executive managers motivational. A happy employee is highly productive
and has a potential to influence a few more. </span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</div>
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SHARING:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Sharing is the joint use of a resource or space. It
refers to joint or alternating use of an inherently finite good, such as a
common pasture or a shared residence. It is also the process of dividing and
distributing. You can observe in human activity and find many examples of this
happening I nature. Flowers divide and distribute their seeds. In a broader sense,
it can also include free granting of use of rights of a good. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sharing can actually mean giving something as an
outright gift: for example, sharing food with others means to give some of it as
a gift, sharing is part of human life and human interaction, and is responsible
for strengthening social ties and ensuring a person’s well being. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sharing is one of the human values. This implies
sharing of feeling, ideas or thoughts and also materials, resources and profit.
Sharing is always mutually beneficial. Sharing of joy increases happiness of people
involved, similarly sharing of grief or sorrow decreases the intensity of mental
agony of people. Sharing of available resources should be the basic concept of humankind’s
happy living in this mother earth. To double the joy, it is always better to share
with someone. </span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In industries, corporations, or organizations, people of different cadres
like the managing directors, engineers, managers, supervisors and workers have to
play their role on sharing basis. A leader, head, or manager of an organization
should share working conditions with his subordinates and insist that other lower
level officers do the same. This character of “Sharing” is so important to a man’s
morale. Sharing of ideas, concept or modifications, may result in a new profitable
design of products, they manufacture. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In industries, corporations, or organizations, people of different cadres
like the managing directors, engineers, mangers, supervisors and workers have to
play their role on “sharing “concept. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sharing of property or materials of comfort with relatives, guests or neighbors
or friends and co-workers will boost human values. </span></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-43560639518429978882015-09-11T09:55:00.001-07:002015-09-11T09:55:36.164-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quantifiers </span></i></b></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Quantifiers
are a type of determiner which denote imprecise quantity. They differ from
numbers or numerals which indicate precise quantity.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
most common examples:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<br />
the most common quantifiers used in English are:</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">some / any , much, many, a lot, a
few, several, enough.</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">There
are three types of quantifier; </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
1. neutral quantifiers, <br />
2. quantifiers of large quantity, and <br />
3. quantifiers of small quantity</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 153); font-size: 14pt;">1. Neutral
quantifiers:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Some and any: several,
a number of, etc.</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Some
</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">and
<b>any</b> are both quantifiers and articles. In many contexts, some is the
plural indefinite article, the plural of "a" or "an"; but
more often, some implies a limited quantity, and for this reason has the value
of a quantifier.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Some</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> is used in
affirmative statements; it is replaced with <b>any</b> in negative and
interrogative contexts. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Examples:</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
I've got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">some </b>apples
in my basket and some water in my bottle.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
I haven't got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any </b>apples
in my basket, nor <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any </b>water in my
bottle.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
Have you got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any</b>
apples in your basket? Have you got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any</b>
water in </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>your <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bottle?</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
We had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">some </b>visitors
last weekend, but we didn't have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any </b>this
</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weekend</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
Have you got any rooms free for the night of September 30th
?</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">and <b>a number of</b> imply
"<i>more than one, but less than a lot</i>". They are <u>not</u>
usually used in negative or interrogative structures, only in affirmative
statements. For example</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <i>There
are several books / a number of books by J.Z.Plummerman in our library.<br />
Several people / A number of people said that they'd seen
the missing child.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Enough </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Enough
implies a <i>sufficient quantity</i>; it is used in affirmations, negations and
questions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">We can get tickets for the concert,
I've got enough money now.<br />
Have you got enough money for the tickets?</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">NOTE</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do not confuse <i>enough</i> as a quantifier <u>preceeding</u>
a noun, with <i>enough</i> as an intensifier <u>following</u> an </span><a href="http://linguapress.com/grammar/adjectives.htm"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">adjective</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, as in:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<i>That's good enough for me</i>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 153); font-size: 14pt;">2. Large quantity
quantifiers:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> much, many, lots
of, plenty of, numerous, a large number of, etc.</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">►
Much </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">and
<b>many:</b> <b>much </b>is used with non count nouns (always in the singular);
<b>many</b> is used with count nouns in the plural. (Click here for </span><a href="http://linguapress.com/grammar/count-nouns.htm"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">the difference between count nouns and non-count nouns</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt;">).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
IMPORTANT NOTE: <b>Much </b>and <b>many </b>are not often
used, in modern spoken English, in <u>affirmative</u> statements; but they are
very commonly used in interrogative and negative contexts. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <b>Examples:<br />
</b><i>I have many reasons for thinking that this man is innocent </i>is
acceptable, but rather formal; most English speakers would more naturally say:<br />
<i> I have plenty of / a lot of / a large number of reasons for
thinking .....<br />
Much whisky is of very good quality. </i>This sentence is technically
acceptable, but not probable in modern English. Most people would say (and
write):<br />
<i> A lot of whisky / A good proportion of whisky / Plenty of
whisky ......</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFF99; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Remember this principle: don't use <b>much</b>
or <b>many</b> in affirmative statements. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">►
Lots of, a lot of, plenty of, a large number of, numerous .</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
These expressions all mean more or less exactly the same. In the list
above, they are arranged in order of formality, going from the most informal (<b>lots
of</b>) to the most formal <b>(numerous).</b> Informal language is more
appropriate in dialogue, formal language in written documents.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 153); font-size: 14pt;">3. Small quantity
quantifiers:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> ► few, a few,
little, a little, not many, not much, a small number of, etc.</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">These
quantifiers are normally only used in <b>affirmative statements, </b>to which
they give a negative colouring.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">►
Little, a little, not much</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> are used with non count nouns (always
in the singular)<br />
<b> Few, a few, not many </b>are used with count
nouns in the plural.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #FFFFCC; border: solid #990000 1.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #990000 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; border: none; line-height: normal; mso-border-alt: solid #990000 .75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-padding-alt: 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Examples</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">: <br />
Few people can speak more than three languages<br />
A few (of the) paintings in this gallery are really good.<br />
There's little point in trying to mend it. You'll never succeed!<br />
I've got a little money left; let's go and have a drink.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-85603444729484670482015-09-11T09:54:00.001-07:002015-09-11T09:54:39.589-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
Important Synonyms and Antonyms
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;">Give the synonyms of the following words</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;">1. </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Renounce <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> abdicate </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">2. Conviction <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> confidence, creed</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">3. Negate <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> abate</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">4. Beneath <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> below</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">5. Froth <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> foam, bubble</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">6. Intellectual <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> ideal, studious</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">7. Chronic <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span>abiding</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">8. Err <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> boot, foul</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">9. Evacuate <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> empty, void, drain </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">10. Thatch <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span>crop, board, glass</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">11. Pedagogue <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> educationist, guide, guru</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">12. Chivalry <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> virtue, courtesy </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">13. Exploit <span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span> abuse, coup</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;">Give the antonyms of the following words</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">1. Vulnerable : invulnerable </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">2. Eliminate : include, keep, welcome</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">3. Altruistic : selfish </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">4. Eradicate : aid, assist, create </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">5. Negate : allow, permit</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">6. Sparingly : effort fully, heavily</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">7. Monopoly : distribution, sharing </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">8. Amenable =:intractable, unwilling </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">9. Renounce =:allow, approve </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">10. Elevate : decrease, lower</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">11. Orthodox : unorthodox </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">12. Repel : attract, draw</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">13. Mitigate : aggravate, worsen</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">14. Altruistic : selfish </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">15. Praise : blame</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">16. Vulnerable : closed, safe</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">17. Disruption : build up</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">18. Truce : war, fight </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">19. Tenacity : indifference </span></span></span></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-80907348614178129192015-09-11T09:51:00.002-07:002015-09-11T09:51:10.449-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
Trail Blazers (NON-DETAILED TEXT) -- GD NAIDU
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<br />
1. Give ANTONYMS of the following words:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
significant X insignificant<br />
dislike X like, liking<br />
passion X calm, calmness<br />
luxury X need, essential, penury<br />
understatement X exaggeration <br />
<br />
2. Give ANTONYMS of the following words:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
Frequently = again and again, often, regularly<br />
comprehensive = absolute, whole<br />
comfort = amenity, quiet, plenty<br />
purchase = acquire, buy, again<br />
prosper = benefit, arrive, bloom, blossom <br />
<br />
3. Give the meaning of the following phrases and use them in sentences of your own:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
a. Over time=working hours in addition to those of a regular schedule.<br />
ex: He did five hours over time this week.<br />
b. long sought after= in great demand , need<br />
ex: An Olympic gold medal is the long sought after prize in spots.<br />
c. expand one's horizons = to experience and learn new things,<br />
ex: Read more! Go our! and expand your horizons.<br />
d. try one's hand at something = to try doing something for the first time .<br />
ex: I might try my hand at a bit of North Indian cooking .<br />
f. With regard to = concerning, about<br />
ex: A change in the laws with regard to food safety.</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-91431455512568736502015-09-11T09:50:00.000-07:002015-09-11T09:50:50.704-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">opalaswamy <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D</b>oraiswamy
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Naidu</b> was born on 23<sup>rd</sup>
March, 1893 in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kalangal,</b> India. He
was an Indian engineer and inventor. He was commonly referred to as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the “Edison of India”</b> for his
significant contributions to the field of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">technology,
industry and development</b>. He was recognized for he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">built the first electric motor in India</b>. He had attended only
primary school, but gained technical knowledge out of his innovative ideas in
scientific applications.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Naidu was a youngster,
he saw a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foreigner riding a motor cycle </b>through
his village. He was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">excited and inspired</b>
with the sight of the motor cycle. Many of the children watched it in surprise,
but he wished to ride the motor cycle himself and wanted to learn its mechanism.
He worked at a hotel in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Coimbatore as a
waiter</b> and earned about 400 rupees. Fortunately, he met the person who rode
the motor cycle in his village and explained his passion for motor cycle. The
foreigner gave the motor cycle to Naidu, as he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">astonished by the determination</b> of Naidu. He gradually understood
the mechanism of the motor cycle. Soon, he procured a job as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a mechanic</b>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1920, he established not only his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">own transport business</b> but also dabbled
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cotton business</b>. Overtime,
his transport business expanded and owned the most efficient fleet of public
transport vehicles</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( UMS</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) in the country. His passion for technology enlarged to
cameras and films, and in 1935 he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">filmed</b>
the funeral of King George in London. A year later, he met Adolf Hitler, and was
able to secure manufacturing contract. When he returned to India he entered to
politics but lost the 1936 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">provincial
general elections.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his mid-forties, he collaborated with D.Balasundaram
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to create India’s first indigenous motor</b>.
It was a huge success in India. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">He
invented an electric razor, a tamper-proof note - recording machine, a kerosene
run fan.</b> He began focusing on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">camera
equipment</b> and was fascinated by the ability to take photographs. He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">created a distance adjuster for film
cameras</b>. His inventiveness was not restricted to technology alone. He had
piqued his interest in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agriculture and
identified new varieties of cotton, maize and papaya.</b> Sir C.V.Raman and
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraiah visited Naidu’s farm several times and were
impressed by his grit and determination for invention.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1944, he retired from his automobile
company. He established several charitable and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philanthropic foundations</b>. Though he did not attend school in
childhood properly, he firmly believed in the importance of education and made
it his mission to setup <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the first polytechnic
in India</b>. He became the principal of the college in 1945. He passed away on
4 th, January 1974. Sir C.V. Raman said, “Mr. Naidu is truly a man in a million
- perhaps this is an understatement!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-40102652763915134532015-09-11T09:48:00.002-07:002015-09-11T09:48:16.860-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
B Tech I SEM : Trailblazers: G R Gopinath
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">G</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">orur <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">R</b>amaswamy <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gopinath</b> is an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entrepreneur</b> and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">founder </b>of
the Indian airlines <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘Air Deccan’</b>. He
is a retired captain of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the Indian army</b>,
an author, a politician and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pioneer</b> for low
cost air travel within India. </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">
G.R.Gopinath was born on 13<sup>th</sup>, November 1951 in the village of Gorur
in Karnataka. His father was a school teacher and farmer. When he was in fifth
standard his school head master informed all the students that an admission
test was going to be held in their school for those who wish to join <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Defence Forces</b>.
Unfortunately, Gopinath could not get through the exam as it was in English.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> The
headmaster wrote a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stern
letter</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ministry
of Defence</b> and pointed out how an all India test could only be conducted in
English. After few days, Gopinath took the examination in Kannada and passed
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flying
colours</b>. He learnt <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">an important lesson</b>
from his headmaster that a person must be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proactive</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to steer things
one’s way</b>, which he would remember for the rest of his life. </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">
Later, when he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commissioned
</b>as a captain in the Indian army, he took part in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bangladesh
liberation war in 1971</b>. He left the Indian army and purchased ten acres of
barren land. He received the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rolex Laureate award
</b>for establishing an ecologically sustained <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sericulture farm</b>.
It was a good example of his grit and confidence. He started <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Malnad Mobikes</b>,
which supplied <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enfield
motor cycles</b>. He opened <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a hotel in Hasan</b>.
He contributed articles in Kannada for magazines. With his experience in
agriculture and farming, he established <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Water Resource
Management Consultancy </b>and started supplying irrigation systems. </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">
After securing solid reputation, he decided to tackle the
world of politics. G.R. Gopinath, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A.J.Sam</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colonel Jayanth
Poovaiah</b> together started <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Deccan Aviation</b>,
the low-cost airline carrier in India. His business expanded and under the
banner of LCC ,developed into a major player in the air industry. He received
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Chevalier de
la Legion d’Honneur”, </b>the highest civilian award conferred by the French
government.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> In
2007, Air Deccan was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">merged with Vijay
Malaya’s Kingfisher Airlines</b>. Then he started <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Deccan Charters</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Deccan 360</b>,
which focus on cargo and the express logistics business. The future lies wide
open for G.R. Gopinath.</span></div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-15275525517875242792015-09-11T09:45:00.002-07:002015-09-11T09:45:53.291-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE KNOWLEDGE
SOCIETY -- A P J Abdul Kalam</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
“Knowledge society” is an extract taken from Abdul Kalam’s popular and famous
book <b>“Ignited Minds”.</b> He tells that
poverty can be <b>rooted out</b> by
striking a balance between <b>the past
heritage and present day knowledge. </b>He believes in that India
can reach the <b>pinnacles</b> and glory by
following certain principles and applying modern technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Knowledge </b>has always been <b>the prime mover of prosperity and power</b>.
India is <b>a land of knowledge</b> and it
must <b>rediscover </b>itself. The <b>foreign invasions and the colonial rule
weakened India considerably.</b> Knowledge has many forms and it is <b>available at many places</b>. It is
acquired through education, information, intelligence and experience. It is
manifested in artists, craftsmen, hakims, philosophers and saints. It plays a
vital role. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> India
has been a country of <b>great ancient
heritage and culture.</b> Knowledge acquisition has been <b>thrust throughout the world</b>. In addition, in Indian culture there
has been <b>the guru-shishya tradition</b>
and sharing of its knowledge even with the foreign travellers and students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> During
the last century the world has been changed from being an <b>agriculture society to an industrial society.</b> The technology played
a crucial role. In 21<sup>st</sup> century knowledge has become the
primary production resource instead of capital and labour. The <b>qualification of a nation as knowledge
society </b>goes <b>concomitant</b> with <b>its creation</b> and <b>deployment of knowledge</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
knowledge society has two very important components driven by <b>societal transformation and wealth
generation</b>. The <b>societal
transformation is in respect of education, health-care, agriculture and
governance.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In
order to emerge as a knowledge super power by 2010 we should have <b>tri-dimensional objects</b> of societal
transformation, wealth generation and <b>knowledge
protection</b>. For this we have to protect our network and information
generators from <b>electronic attacks</b>
through surveillance and monitoring. Further we should protect one ancient
knowledge and culture and focus attention on intellectual rights and related
issues.</span></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2264199336558077775.post-21411746223196065962015-09-04T08:47:00.004-07:002015-09-04T08:47:53.221-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<div>
Note: Untitled note</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Rational thinking = intellectual thinking</div>
<div>
Heavens = celestial sphere </div>
<div>
Consequences = results</div>
<div>
Impartial = being neutral; treating all equally </div>
<div>
Segregate = separate</div>
<div>
Goddess = a female deity</div>
<div>
Savage = wild; uncivilized; rude </div>
<div>
Miraculous = wonderful; great</div>
<div>
Cure = heal</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
TAJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03088455603280834816noreply@blogger.com0