5th Chapter notes

STEP BY STEP(ENGLISH TEXT ) UNIT- 5 ANSWERS FOR 1ST. B.TECH SECOND SEMESTER JNTU KAKINADA
I. VOCABULARY

1. Altruistic = (syn) unselfish, humane, selfless, philanthropic,
noble, self-sacrificing (ant) selfish

2. Amenable = (syn) agreeable, open, acquiescent, willing,
docile, responsive, pliable,
cooperative, flexible(Ant) stubborn

3. Cardiovascular = circulatory, cardiac, vascular, heart, blood.

4. Carrier = (syn) transporter,hauler,delivery service,
carter,shipper,mover,exporter,importer agent,
transferor.

5. . Demonstrate = explain,display, operate, instruct,
show off, put something through its
paces prove, validate,make plain,
protest, March, rally, lobby, support,

6. chronic = long-lasting, lingering, continuing, enduring,
lasting, prolonged, protracted
habitual, persistent, ingrained,
compulsive, inveterate, established,
confirmed, long-standing (Ant) fleeting, occasional


7. Desirable = wanted, needed, necessary,
required, looked for, desired, anticipated,
appropriate, suitable, right, advantageous
pleasing, enviable, pleasant, popular, sought after

8. . Elevated = raised, raised up, high, higher
preeminent, eminent, prominent, high,
grand, lofty, superior (Ant)lowly

9. Elimination = removal, abolition, exclusion, rejection,
eradication, dismissal (Ant) preservation

10. Endemic = widespread, prevalent, rife, rampant,
pervasive, common (Ant) rare
11. . err = go wrong, blunder, slip up, go astray,
stumble, get something wrong.

12. Fetish = talisman, charm, idol, image,
totem, amulet
obsession, fixation, mania, craze,
engrossment, thing, preoccupation, passion (Ant) Aversion

13. Initiate = start, introduce, originate, begin,
kick off, open, commence, set off,
instigate, pledge, new member, recruit, freshman,
inductee,newcomer, pledge
(Ant) master, finish, expel.

14. intensification = strengthening, increase, escalation, spiraling,
amplification, strengthening,
magnification,growth, amplification, rise
augmentation, extension, increase,
enlargement (Ant) Reduction

15. Monopoly = control, domination, cartel, trust, corner.

16.. Morsel = scrap, crumb, bit, piece, fragment,
speck, ort, tidbit. (Ant) chunk

17.Palate = sense of taste, taste.

18.premature = early, untimely, hasty, rash, precipitate,
impulsive, previous (Ant) Over due

19. Recommend = suggest, advocate, propose, counsel,
advise, urge, endorse, commend,
vouch for, mention, put in a good word for,
acclaim, applaud, praise.
(Ant) oppose, criticize
20.reservoir = tank, pool, basin, lake, artificial lake.


21.responsive = receptive, open, approachable, reactive,
quick to respond, alert (Ant) sluggish
22.sparingly = frugally, parsimoniously, thriftily,
economically, carefully, cautiously, thinly, in
moderation, on a shoestring, meanly
scantily, meagerly, sparsely, insufficiently,
thinly, inadequately (Ant) generously plentifully

23.staunch = stop, stem, halt, check, hold back, curb,
curtail, hinder, restrict,
loyal, faithful, steadfast, reliable,
dependable, constant,
firm, devoted, unfaltering, unwavering,
resolute, committed, stalwart. (Ant) wavering.

24. Strategy = plan, scheme, policy, approach,
tactic, line of attack, stratagem


25. temptation = lure, enticement, attraction, offer, invitation,
pull, inducement, turn-on
desire, craving, urge, impulse,
compulsion, appetite, wish, longing
persuasion, coaxing, inducement, enticement,
invitation, attraction (Ant) repulsion

26.Transmission = broadcast, show, program spread,
communication, diffusion, conduction



CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word used to join
words or groups of words in a sentence.
And show how it relates to each other.
There are three types of conjunctions.

1. Coordinate Conjunctions:
Are used to join two similar grammatical units, for instance,
two words, two phrases or two clauses.
Ex: and, but, or, nor, yet and for. (for only can link clauses)
i. My friend and I will go to the park.
ii. We were tired but very happy.
iii. We will go or choose for something else

2. Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the
relationship between the ideas
expressed in different parts of a sentence.

Ex: both … and, either…or and neither …nor,
whether … or, rather … than ,
not only .. but also, etc.,

i. I would rather be poor than sick.
ii. I don’t mind whether Bhanu is rich or poor.
iii. Ankitha is both intelligent and blond.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduce subordinate clauses.
Subordinate conjunctions serve as a link between
a Main clause and a clause dependent on it.

Ex: that, because, if, what, whatever, which, who,
whom, though, although, while, when, where,
how, wherever, why, so, in order that, as if until etc.,
i. Balu came because I called him.
ii. I am surprised that he got married.
iii. Wherever you go I will follow you.


Conjunctions - function in a sentence:

TIME: after, after which, and , as , as long as, as soon as,
at which (point), before, by the time, hardly*,
no sooner*, now (that), once, since, the moment,
then, till, until, when, whenever, whereupon, while.

RESULT: and, and so, else, or else, otherwise, so, so that.

CONTRAST/ CONCESSION, ALTERNATIVES: although,
apart from, but, despite, even if, even though, except
that, in spite of, or , much as, nor, not that, though,
where as , while, whilst, yet.

REASON: as, as a result of , because,
because of, considering, due to, for, give that,
in case, in view of the fact, that, just in case,
on account of , seeing as/that, since.

PURPOSE: in case, in order that, in order to,
so, so as to, so that, to,

CONDITIONAL: as long as, even if, if,
one condition that, provided (that), providing (that),
so long as, unless, whether …or.

MANNER: as, as if, as though, in a way,
in the way, just as, like, much as, the way

ADDITION: and, as well as, besides,
besides which, in addition to, not only*

GIVING EXAMPLS: for instance,
for example, in particular.
*Inversion – verb and subject are inverted after these words.



LIST OF SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

AS:- because/ when
Ex: As he is my friend, I will help him.
We watched as the plane took off.

AFTER: later in time
Ex: After the train left, we went home.

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH: in spite of the fact that
Ex: Although it was late, we did not feel tired.

BEFORE: earlier than
Ex: I arrived before the stores were open.
BECAUSE: for the reason that
Ex: We had to wait, because we arrived early.

FOR: for, because
Ex: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

IF: on condition that
Ex: If she is here, we will see her

PROVIDING, PROVIDED: on condition that
Ex: All will be well, providing you are careful.

SINCE: from a past time
As, because
Ex: I have been here since the sun rose.
Since you are here, you can help me.

SO or SO THAT: consequently, in order that
Ex: It was raining, so we did not go out.
I am saving money so I can buy a cycle.

SUPPOSING: if
Supposing that happens, what will you do?

THAN: used in comparisons
Ex: He is taller than you are.

UNLESS: except when, if not
Ex: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

UNTIL or TILL: up to the time when
Ex: I will wait until I here from you.

WHEREAS : because, on the other hand
Ex: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
He is short, whereas you are tall.

WHETHER : if
Ex: I do not know whether she was invited.

WHILE: at the time when, on the other hand, although
Ex: While it was snowing, we played cards.
He is rich, while his friend is poor.
While I am not an expert, I will do my best.


PAGE : 136
EXERCISE : 1

1. Gandhi discovered to overcome from diseases should be a vegetarian sparingly.
A man should keep this as a moral basis.

2. Those who are unable to keep themselves to
a vegetarian diet over a sustained period of time.

3. Because of Vegetarians' fetishism.They are unable to
control to avoid high protean food/ diet like lentil,
beens, haricot and cheese etc.,


EXERCISE II

1. Up to some extend it is good, but not always and for all
2. Yes, vegetarianism is good for staying healthy, when we take sparingly.

EXERCISE III
1. Yes, Health is not a monopoly of vegetarians, if they avoid to take sparingly.

2. Yes, when the things are delicious we don't mind taking a morsel. it leads to fall ill.

PAGE; 138
EXERCISE : I

1. CHICKEN 2. PALATE

EXERCISE : II
1. FAITHFUL 2. SELFLESS 3. EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION
4. A TENDENCY TO INDULGE IN EATING
5. THE SENSE OF TASTE

PAGE : 142
EXERCISE : II
1. (C) 2. (E) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (B)

Comprehension Check
Exercise I
1. A. Desirable body fat percentage in women 23%
and above 19% in men.
2. A. High-density lipoprotein
3. A. By keeping physical fitness.
Exercise II
According to me for physical fitness
we have to take 1. Swimming daily half an hour or 2.
twenty minutes briskly walk in the morning. and 3. at least
twenty minutes yoga is good for keep our boy fit for everyone.and also
take sufficient nutritious food with regular intervals. And follow "Early to rise and Early to bed."

Exercise III
I think every college student has to take right step at this stage
ie.,daily they have to take physical exercise at least twenty minutes, and take much water,and proper sleep (7hr - 8hr) is essential.
so they can avoid chronic disease risk.

PAGE : 144 : EXERCISE : I
1. Cardiovascular 2. premature 3. correlated

EXERCISE : II
1. Heart 2 Biological state 3. Biochemical processes

EXERCISE : II
bio-marker metabolic premature recommend
biodiversity metaphysics predestined reactivate
bio-data meta-fiction premeditation reelect
bio-diesel metamorphic preoccupation remarry

PAGE : 145
Word Search
1. Amenable 2. Correlate 3. Err 4. Bio-markers
5. carrier 6. chronic 7. elevate
8. endemic 9. eradication 10. focal
11. initiate 12. premature 13. staunch 14. strategy
15. transmission


PAGE : 146
Forming Word
1. Monopoly 2. Morsel 3. Desirable 4. Elimination

PREPOSITIONS
What is a preposition?
A preposition is a word used to show a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence.
It can specify place, direction, and time.
Examples:
The cat is under the cot. (under shows the relationship between cat and cot)

What is aP prepositional phrase?
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object.

What is the object of the preposition?
The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun following the preposition.
Examples:
People communicate in many ways. (The preposition is in, the object of the preposition is ways, and the prepositional phrase is in many ways.)

Prepositions vs. Adverbs
Sometimes the same word can be used as a preposition or as an adverb. If there is no object, the word is an adverb.
Adverb: Come along. (no object)
Preposition: The messages travel along the telephone wire. (wire is the object)
Prepositions convey the following relationships: agency (by); comparison (like, as . . . as); direction (to, toward, through); place (at, by, on); possession (of); purpose (for); source (from, out of); and time (at, before, on). See "Observations," below.

Kinds Of Prepositions

There are three general types of prepositions, each one indicating relationships with regard to either time, place or direction. Time prepositions include such words as “after”,”until” and “during”; place prepositions, on the other hand, consist of location related terms such as “around”, in the corner” and “between”; direction prepositions, meanwhile, show where a subject is headed, such as “under”, “left” and “towards”.


Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of June.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
Bindu likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
Sundari started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August
NOTE: We do not use In, On and At before these words (Next, Last, Every, Today, Tomorrow, Still, Each, Some, Any and One).

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
Balu English lives at Main Road in Guntur.

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Her house is on Clock Tower Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Delhi.
Dohni is in Jarkhand state.
India is in Asia.


PAGE : 147
Exercise I
1. of 2.in, to 3.with 4.into 5.for 6. at 7.by 8. below 9. under 10. before

Exercise II
1. instead of 2. on behalf of 3. as of now


Exercise V
1. in, from, to , onto
PAGE : 150
Exercise I
1. Because, coordinating conjunction 2. Yet, sub-ordinate conjunction
3. Until, sub-ordinate conjunction 4. but, coordinating conjunction
5. and, coordinating conjunction 6. unless, sub-ordinating conjunction
7. While, sub-ordinate conjunction 8. Before, sub-ordinating conjunction


Exercise II
1.so 2.because 3. if 4. since 5. though

PAGE : 152
Exercise II
1. Ah! 2. Alas! 3. Yuk! 4.Wow! 5. Ooh! 6. Hi! 7.Ouch! 8.hey!
Exercise III
1. Hush! 2. Oh my god! 3. Help ! 4. what an achievement!
5. I really don't believe this!