Ist B Tech II Sem material

STEP BY STEP(ENGLISH TEXT ) ANSWERS FOR 1ST. B.TECH SECOND SEMESTER JNTU KAKINADA
Articles a, an, the
HOW TO PRONOUNCE "THE"
There are two ways to pronounce "the". One "thuh" and the other "thee".
Strong pronunciation / / "thee". Sounds like "thee", rhymes with pea, fee, me.
Weak pronunciation Sounds like / / "thuh", rhymes with the "mo" and "ther" in "mother".

We use the weak pronunciation with words that start with a consonant or words that begin with a vowel, but are pronounced as if they begin with a consonant. One example is the word 'university'. It starts with a /j/ sound, which is a consonant. So we say, 'the university'. Another example is the word 'one' – 'the one that most learners will know'.
For example:-
'the sound' 'the word' 'the number' 'the university' 'the one'
We use the strong pronunciation with words that start with a vowel or sound as if they do.
For example:-
"the apple" "the end" "the hour" 'the ice'
We also use the strong 'the' when we want to stress the word, regardless of whether it begins with a vowel or a consonant.
For example:-
"I spoke to Kevin Costner the other day."
"Not the Kevin Costner! The one who starred in Robin Hood?"
"No, the one who works in the chip shop."

General Points:
1. A noun may be a person, a place, an object, an activity, an idea or emotion, or a quality. A noun may be concrete (physical or tangible) or abstract (nonphysical or intangible). Both concrete and abstract nouns can be classified into two types: count and non-count nouns.
2. Count nouns are nouns that may be counted (cars, benches, babies, etc.). They have both singular and plural forms. Most count nouns are concrete; however, some are abstract. Example: Experience is a good teacher. She had many good experiences while on her trip to Hyderabad. Non-count nouns are usually mass nouns (butter, oil, water, air) or abstract nouns (honesty, love) that we don’t usually count. Non-count nouns are always singular.



Indefinite Articles [A & An] (only one ) 1
A or an is used before a singular count noun. The indefinite article may mean one, or it may mean an unspecified person or thing. A singular count noun always takes an article or an adjective. A or an is not used with a non-count noun or with a plural count noun. A is used before a singular (1) count noun that begins with a consonant sound. An is used before a singular (1) count noun that begins with a vowel sound. Examples: a sailor, a house, a European, an island, an hour.

The Definite Article
The is used before a singular or plural count noun when that noun is specifically identified or its identity is already understood. Example: They bought a boat, but the boat sank. The is often used when a noun is identified by a prepositional phrase or an adjective clause. If the noun is used in a more general way, i.e., no specific noun is referred to, the is not used. Articles are not normally used with non-count nouns. However, non-count nouns, like count nouns, may be preceded by the when the noun is specifically identified. Example: Pepper was an important spice to Europeans. The pepper from India was treasured.


A. Fill in the gaps with a, an, the or Ø article.

1. “Where do you live?” “I live in _____ flat near LIC Office. Its _____ nice flat, but _____ rooms are too small. I like _____ big rooms, you know…” “I also live in _____ flat. It’s in _____ Grey Street.”
2. “When we got home, _____ show had already started. We missed _____ beginning.”
3. “Balu has got _____ new mobile phone. His Girl friend bought _____ mobile phone yesterday.”
4. “My mother is _____ journalist and my father is _____ engineer.”
5. “I’ve never been to ____ zoo in Hyderabad, so I have never seen _____ elephant.”
6. _____ Vasco da Gama Bridge across _____ River Tagus is ____ longest bridge in _____ Europe.
7. Hi! We’re making _____ survey for _____ class project. Many people think that _____ British eat
8. _____ huge cooked breakfast every morning. Is that true?
9. My father is _________ honest man.
10. He is very rich, still he drives _______ old car.
11. There is ________ lake in the park near my house.
12. Would you like ______ cold drink?
13. It was ________ hour-long ordeal.
14. I am reading _______ excellent book. It is about ______ scientist.
15. Who needs _________ umbrella when it rains? Its ______ delight to get wet.
16. _______ one-eyed man is not eligible to get _______ driving license.
17. Of all the shopping you have done, I see only this book as ______ useful thing.
18. Dan is ________ European settled in India.
B. Choose the correct article in each sentence:
1. Mr Prudhive is (a, an) businessman from Sydney.
2. Please buy (a, an) English book for me.
3. Balu drew (a, an) picture on the paper.
4. (A, An, The) students saw (a, an) monkey at the zoo.
5. Draw (a, an) line across (a, an, the) blackboard.
6. Look at (a, the) picture on (a, an, the) wall.
7. Do you like (the, an) dress I bought from Malladi.
8. What (a, the) beautiful ring!
9. Mrs Jones is (a, an, the) best English teacher in school.
10. (A, The) moon is shining very brightly tonight.
11. Helen looked in (a, an, the) cupboard in (a, the) kitchen.
12. She found (a, an, the) pretty cloth with blue stripes.
13. Betty spread (a, an, the) cloth over (a, an, the) table.
14. Sreedavi went to find (a, an, the) knives and forks to lay on (a, an, the) table ready for (a, an, the) meal.
15. Prasad put mats round (a, an, the) table.
16. Zilani gave everyone (a, an, the) glass.
17. (A, An, The) guests came in and sat down at (a, an, the) table.
18. (A, An, The) guests talked about (a, an, the) activities they’d done during (a, an, the) day.
19. Bose had been working on (a, an, the) project at work.
20. Suri had had (a, an, the) music lesson.
21. Mum had been to (a, an, the) doctor.
22. Dad had been at (a, an, the) office all day.
23. When (a, an, the) guests had finished (a, an, the) meal, they turned on (a, an, the) TV and watched (a, an, the) news.
24. There are seven days in (a, an, the) week.
25. Miss Rani can be here in (a, an, the) hour.

WHAT ARE QUANTIFIERS?
Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of something without stating the actually number.
Quantifiers answer the questions "How many?" and "How much?"
Quantifiers can be used with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Quantifiers must agree with the noun. There are 3 main types of quantifiers.
Quantifiers that are used with countable nouns, quantifiers that are used with uncountable nouns. And the 3rd type is quantifiers that are used with either countable nouns or uncountable nouns.


Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns -
much - x I don't have much money.
many x - I don't have many apples.
few* x - We know few people in the area. I would like to get to know more.
a few** x - We know a few people in the area. I know enough people to keep me happy.
little* - x I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England.
a little** - x I know a little English, at least enough to get England.
enough x x I have enough money.
plenty x x I have plenty of money.
** a few/a little - means that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough.
 There are a few apples. There are enough apples.
 There are a few people at the meeting. There are enough people to hold a meeting. There are not a lot people, at the meeting, but there are enough
 I know a little English. He knows enough English to manage.
 I have a little money.
*few/little - means that is not enough of something.
 There are few apples. There are not enough apples.
 There are few people. There are not enough people at the meeting. We can't hold a meeting, because there are not enough people.
 There is little money. We can't buy a lot of expensive food.
 If things for the holiday. I don't have enough money, then we will stay home and have a great time.
 They know little English. They can't get around very well. They don't know enough English to manage.

Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Much or many
Much: uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
Many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
How much money have you got?
How many dollars have you got?

a little or a few
a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.

some: affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer "yes"
any: negative statements, questions
Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.

TABLE OF USAGE FOR COMMON ENGLISH QUANTIFIERS
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Neutral some, several, a number of, enough any, enough any, enough
Large quantity numerous, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, too many much, many, too many much, many, too many
Small quantity few / a few, Little / a little




PAGE NO : 105
Exercise : I
1. An 2. the 3. the 4. a 5. a 6.a 7. the 8. the

Exercise : II

1. large amounts 2. many 3. the 4. a great deal 5. The 6. large amounts


PAGE NO: 108
Exercise : II
1. Red cross volunteers were placed at strategic points before the storm reached India.
2. AP and TN are frequently affected by cyclones from the Bay of Bengla.

3. Natural disasters cause a great deal by damage to telecommunication network, livestock and human life.

Exercise : I
1. c 2. a 3. c 4.b

Exercise : II
1. Epidemic 2. Thatch 3. severed 4. infrastructure 5. vulnerable 6. extensive 7.evacuated 8. priority 9.Disaster


PAGE NO: 111
Exercise : I 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.c
Exercise : II
1. Hey! Do you see the froth building far away on the ocean surface?
2. I think that we have spotted the first signs of a tsunami
3. No, I am sure that this is a key sign of unrest stemming from disturbance on the sea bed.
4. Let us at once speak to the admiral.
5.The first step would be to take refuge, probably far inside the mainland.

PAGE: 113
Exercise: 1
1. Natural disasters like earth quicks, floods, cyclones etc., are foreseen .They create a lot of disturbance in day today life 1. water contamination, 2. damages of
communication network, transport, railways, power lines, 3. homes are going to swept away 4. crops and cattle are also going to affect.

2. The following steps are going to take in order to ensure safety
i. Identification of weak roads and bridges ii. Providing regular patrolling to prevent damages iii. Providing manpower, material and machinery, and adequate funds.
iv. Giving caution orders to the drivers and placing sign boards wherever necessary. v. diverting the traffic wherever and whenever necessary. etc,


PAGE NO: 114
Exercise 1:

1. as the supervisor of the eastern region damage control team,
I would like to run a workshop on the training skills emphasizing
the importance of team work and coordination.

2. I have read the manual on the preventive measures
to be taken in case of Class A natural disasters.
3. The workshop will be in the form of group work
essential for the team members.
4. I plan to introduce systems for monitoring the levels
of coordination, management and productivity.
5. This will include training junior members to function
in a supervisory capacity during emergencies, such as
absence of the supervisor, sub-division of teams during
operations, permanent supervisor is injured on duty, etc.,
6. My primary objective is to reduce friction among
team members and ensure optimum performance by all.

7. I aim to achieve optimum performance even during
situations of disruption in the regular chain of command
due to circumstances stated above.
8. I would like to request you to approve and release the
following resources five halls for the workshop,
two dormitories fro the outstation members and
50,000 INR for arrangement of food, amenities and
materials required for the sessions.
9. The workshop is scheduled on 6 September 2010
and I would like to invite you for inspection of the
facilities on 5 September 2010. I look forward to
your response and suggestions.

PAGE 115:
EXERCISE I

1. Emphasizing 2. Essential 3. preventive
4. Disruption 5.Extensive

EXERCISE III

1. cut-off - sever 2. coffee: froth 3. whale : marine
4. war - vulnerable 5. danger : flee

PAGE : 117
Exercise: I

1. a, an 2. a, the 3. the, a 4. a, the
5. the, an, the 6. an, an 7. a, a
8. the, the, the 9. the, the, the 10. the, the, a
11. the, the 12. an, the 13. the, a, the

Exercise II

More devastating than an earthquake or a tornado,
or any other disaster you can think of is the tsunami. the word
tsunami is pronounced soo-nam-me. Tsunami is a Japanese word that
means harbor wave. A tsunami happens when huge waves are formed
as a result of shifts in the ocean floor. Volcanoes are also sometimes
responsible for tsunamis. the waves start in one area but the force
of the waves increase quickly in all different directions once a tsunami
begins.

Have you ever watched the water ripple after you threw
a stone into the water? A tsunami is similar to what
happens. the difference is that when it is a
tsunami the waves are much larger.
the ocean goes out of control.

Tsunamis usually begin as an earthquake under the sea.
the force of the ocean floor shifting causes the water
to form huge waves. although the water slows in
speed as it moves towards shallow water.
This is dangerous as it results in the waves
piling up on top of each other.

Waves from the tsunami can travel through the water as fast as
500 miles per hour. these huge waves race to the shallow
water along the coastline and crash into the shore.
as they approach the coast, they continue to grow
in size before smashing down on the cities and towns
on the coastline. the waves can often be as high as 100 feet.


PAGE: 119

Exercise I

1. any 2. much 3. many 4. any 5. some
6. a lot of 7. few 8. few 9. little 10. many
11. some 12. a little 13. Plenty of

PAGE: 120

Exercise II

1. a lot of 2. many 3. much 4. some 5. some
6. any 7. many 8. a lot of 9. much 10. some
11. a lot of 12. a few of 13. many 14. some
15. most 16. a few

PAGE: 127
Exercise I

Hope India
D.109, 54/5 Gulmohar Marg
New Delhi - 110069
15th January, 2010

Principal’s Office
Nimra Institute of Science and Technology
Nimra Nagar
Jupudi

Sir,

Subject : Permission for setting up a blood donation camp
in the Nimra Institute of Science and Technology
.

We, Hope India, are a group that, in collaboration with Apollo Hospital, conduct blood donation camps all over India. Kindly grant us permission to set up a day-long camp in Nimra Institute on 14 July 2010, which coincides with the International Blood Donation Day. We have attached further details regarding the camp with this letter.

Yours faithfully,

Shiv Teja
(Director, Hope India)


PAGE: 121
Exercise I

1. Is the flight was delayed due to the eruption?
2. They were cut off from help.
3. Someone screamed, 'Fire'!
4. Please fetch me a roll of bandages.
5. Get me a roll of bandages right now!
6. How many victims were rescued?
7. Please extinguish all compfires in heavily wooded areas.
8. The place we visited was just hit by an earthquacke.
9. Wow I managed to excape before the roof collapsed!
10. What did they do about the gas leak?
PAGE: 122
Exercise I

1. India, Bangladesh and China have offered support for the flood victims.
2. Among the effects of the disaster were contamination of water, spread of diseases, loss of food crops and livestock casualities.
3. When the fire broke out the poorly planned escape routes, inadequate number of extinguishers and lack of any sprinkler systems resulted in great loss of life.
4. As the cyclone entered the area, large parts of the city lost power, which further crippled the rescue efforts.
5. They jumped into the stormy, cold water.
6. The number of casualties climbed to 83,000.
7. 'We have now concluded', he added 'we had problems with the design of the structure'.
8. Naturally, since you're familiar with the terrain we are sending you, Arun, to the worst-hit area.
9. With the loss of 9,000 lives most of them German immigrants, the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff is the worst maritime disaster in the history.
10. A battalion was deployed in Hanoi, Vietnam to coordinate the distribution of food.
PAGE:128

Exercise II
From
____________
____________
____________


Date:

To
____________
____________
____________


Dear sir/madam

Subject: - Permission for setting up a three day seminar on Disaster management
at our college campus – Reg.

We (the students of CSE I Year) would like to bring to your kind notice that in collaboration with “The National Disaster Management of India” planning to conduct a seminar on Disaster Management Skills at our campus for the benefit of students. Kindly grant us permission to set up a three day seminar on March 19th, 2011 to March 21st, 2011 which coincides with the National Disaster Management Week. We have attached further details regarding the camp with this letter.

Thanking you sir,

Yours faithfully,

(CSE I Year Students)


PAGE:129
Exercise I

Dear Ma'am,
Subject: Details for Donating to the Red Cross
In the wake for the devastating earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, we the students of
NIST have decided to collect donations in the form of money and
old books for all the affected children. We would like to send these to your organization.

Therefore, we request you to send us specifications of your address and the method
for sending our donations to you.
Regards,
Ravi



PAGE:130
ExerciseII

Dear Sir,
We are a group of film makers from the Delhi Film Institue Delhi. We
would like to visit the flooded area of Gauripur Village to Scoot some
footage for our new documentry film titled The Indian Monsoon. We
request you to kinldy grant us permission for this project.

Regards,
Rajesh

Exercise III
To: Principal_jbnm@bmail.com
Cc: vp_jbnm@bmail.com
Subject: Requesting for another medical room for the students

Dear Sir,
We (the students of AE), would like to bring to your kind notice that present medical room is not adequate for us that is why, we are requesting you to provide a sufficient medical room for the benefit of students.

With best regards
Ebinesh